中国石油HSE专业标准化工作探讨

简要回顾了中国石油HSE标准化工作的历程,综合分析了HSE标准化工作面临的形势任务,对改进中国石油HSE标准化工作思路进行了探讨,明确了指导思想、遵循原则、重点工作,并提出做好HSE标准化工作要处理好四个方面关系的原则。     

不同尺度下人类活动对浑太河流域鱼类和大型底栖动物群落特征的影响

为了确定鱼类和大型底栖动物群落结构对多重人类活动压力响应是否一致,以浑太河流域为例,采用典范对应分析和冗余分析方法,以自然环境因子(包括海拔、坡度、流域面积、经纬度)为协变量,比较流域(各土地利用类型面积所占比例)、河岸带(各土地利用面积所占比例)和河段尺度(水质、水力形态、水文、栖息地质量、底质类型等)下人类活动因子对鱼类和大型底栖动物群落特征的影响. 结果表明:在流域尺度上,林地和农村聚落用地面积所占比例解释了8.09%的鱼类群落特征空间变异,林地、旱地、城镇建设用地和农村聚落用地面积所占比例解释了18.28%的大型底栖动物群落特征空间变异;在河岸带尺度上,城镇建设用地面积所占比例解释了4.26%的鱼类群落特征空间变异,没有环境因子对大型底栖动物群落特征产生显著影响;在河段尺度上,电导率、ρ(TDS)、ρ(NH₄+-N)、ρ(COD_Mn)、河宽、QHEI(a qualitative habitat evaluation index,栖息地评估指数)、ρ(DO)、ρ(TN)、硬度和pH解释了36.60%的鱼类群落特征空间变异,电导率、ρ(TDS)、ρ(NH₄+-N)、ρ(COD_Mn)解释了14.65%的大型底栖动物群落特征空间变异.河段尺度人类活动因子对鱼类群落特征的直接影响最为显著,其次为流域尺度,河岸带尺度的影响最小;流域尺度和河段尺度人类活动因子对大型底栖动物群落特征影响大致相同. 河段尺度的水力形态和水质状况主要受流域尺度土地利用变化的影响,其次是河岸带尺度. 土地利用变化对水力形态的影响较水质更大.      

TiO2-Bi2O3纳米粒子气相光催化降解对二甲苯

采用沉淀法制备了TiO2-Bi2O3纳米粒子,并对其进行结构表征.以制得的TiO2-Bi2O3为光催化剂,以对二甲苯为目标污染物,研究了对二甲苯气相光催化氧化降解的影响因素.实验结果表明:经750 ℃焙烧的光催化剂对对二甲苯的催化效果最好;随氧气加入量的增加,对二甲苯的降解率增大;少量水蒸气的加入,可增大对对二甲苯降解率;采用L-H动力学模型得到对二甲苯光催化降解的反应速率常数和吸附常数分别为0.089 5 μmol/(L· min)和0.000785 L/μmol.     

表面活性剂强化抽出处理含水层中DNAPL污染物的去除特征

为明确表面活性剂强化抽出处理含水层中DNAPL污染物过程中表面活性剂的增强修复效果,及DNAPL自身理化性质和介质孔径的影响,利用数码图像分析技术对1,2-二氯乙烷和四氯乙烯2种DNAPL在石英砂填充的二维砂箱中的抽取迁移过程进行了实验模拟研究,并对抽出水样中DNAPL的浓度进行了测试分析。结果表明,实验条件下加入低浓度(0.18%)的十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)大幅提高了对弱透水层截留的2种DNAPL聚集体的抽出处理效率。1,2-二氯乙烷在该表面活性剂溶液中的表观溶解度远高于四氯乙烯,因此其短时间内的绝对去除率更高。SDBS强化抽出处理DNAPL的作用机理以增溶作用为主,而其增流作用使DNAPL迁移流动后分布面积增大,增加了与表面活性剂溶液接触的面积,对增溶作用起到促进效果。细粒介质中DNAPL迁移后的最大分布面积较大,因此体系中DNAPL的溶解速率较高。在DNAPL聚集体质量与水力梯度固定的条件下,油水界面张力越低,DNAPL的密度越大,DNAPL垂向迁移的风险就越大。本研究为修复工程中如何依据DNAPL种类与场地多孔介质的情况选择表面活性剂提供了参考。     

旱地间、套种植模式的效益研究及综合评价

本文从产量、经济效益、辅助能效益和光、热利用效益等方面,研究了旱地间、套种植多熟制5种模式的效益,分析了复种指数与光、热资源利用的关系,并用层次分析法(AHP)和系统决策法对各种模式进行了效益综合评价。结果表明,5种模式的优劣顺序是 C→E→DB→A,其中以小麦 蚕豆-玉米 黄豆-红苕和大麦 蚕豆-玉米-红苕两种模式较好;复种指数与光、热资源利用率呈线性正相关.     

The black rock series supported SCR catalyst for NO x removal

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Black rock series (BRS) is of great potential for their plenty of valued oxides which include vanadium, iron, alumina and silica oxides, etc. BRS was...     

道路车辆电工电子设备高加速寿命试验

成熟的汽车企业已经将高加速环境应力试验引入装车电工电子设备的研发、试产和批量供货的管理中,其需求已进入国内检测市场。本文以已发布的车企文件为基础,介绍并讨论高加速寿命试验（HALT）的各项要素和实验室要求。高加速应力筛选（HASS）和稽核（HASA）另行拟文讨论。     

Biomass of Speckled Alder on an Air-Polluted Mountain Site and its Response to Fertilization

The article summarizes outcomes of a biomass study conducted in a young speckled alder plantation on a cold mountain site. At this location, the previously existing old forest was clear felled because of damage from air pollution, and present-day surface humus is in need of restoration. The intention of this study was to quantify the biomass and nutrients accumulated by alders and their components and assess whether the initial fertilization resulted in increased biomass production and nutrient accumulation in the biomass. Besides the control, two fertilized treatments were installed. In the surface treatment (SUT), the amendment was applied as a base dressing in small circles around trees. In the planting-hole treatment (PHT), the amendment was incorporated into soil inside the planting holes. Five growth seasons after planting and fertilization, six alders from each treatment were harvested including roots. Their biomass was quantified and analyzed for macroelements. The greatest pool of dry mass (DM) was branches in the control and stem wood in the fertilized treatments. The greatest pools of macroelements were leaves and branches. The most pronounced effects of fertilization were recorded in the DM and consequently in the absolute quantities of nutrients. The DM of an average tree in the control, SUT, and PHT was 85, 226, and 231 g, respectively. The absolute contents of nutrients per tree in the fertilized treatments showed the following increases, as compared with the control: (N) 2.5–2.6 times; (P) 1.6–2.4 times; (K) 1.8–2.1 times; and (Mg) 1.8–2.0 times, respectively. Speckled alder responded positively to fertilization.