Optimal parameters for Phanerochaete chrysosporium degradation of terephthalic acid wastewater

The optimal parameters for the degradation of pure terephthalic acid (PTA) wastewater by the white rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium were investigated. The relative mathematical model, objective function equation, constraint equations, constraint conditions and computer program were established in the optimal method. The results showed that the optimal value of the reactor volume needed was 9798 m³. It could save 83.82% of the reactor volume, which was needed for the native bacterium YZ1. This optimal method is simple, useful and economical for average treatment plants. Using the optimal parameters and P. chrysosporium to design and operate the treatment process of PTA wastewater would increase the treatment efficiency and decrease the cost.     

Integrated effects of slope aspect and land use on soil nutrients in a small catchment in a hilly loess area,China

This study addressed the integrated effect of slope aspect and land use on soil nutrients in a loess hilly catchment in the western Loess Plateau of China. Soil samples were collected from five land-use types: wasteland, cropland, woodland, shrubland and abandoned cropland, at two depths (0–20 and 20–40 cm) in the middle slope position of both north-facing and south-facing slopes. Soil nutrient changes and the relationships between soil nutrients and slope aspect were investigated, based on statistical analysis and expert knowledge. Soil organic matter, total N, total P, nitrate nitrogen and available K of the 0–20 cm soil layer differed significantly between land uses and slope aspects. Soil nutrients in the north-facing slope were better than in the south-facing slope. Revegetation has an enrichment effect, especially on soil organic matter, total N, total P, nitrate nitrogen and available K. Planting of trees, shrubs and grasses could improve soil fertility and favours a policy of revegetation and sustainable land use in the hilly loess area of China. Conversion of slope farmlands into more sustainable land uses, such as shrubland or grassland is a cost-efficient way to achieve soil conservation and ecological restoration. Terracing and the use of agro-techniques for soil conservation, such as furrow-ridging tillage and leaving crop residues on fields, can increase the input of C to soils. Growing crops in rotation with alfalfa and beans could be a promising choice for the sustainability of agriculture and the environment.     

四溴联苯醚(BDE-47)对两种海洋桡足类动物的毒性效应

为了研究四溴联苯醚(BDE-47)对海洋桡足类的毒性效应,以太平洋真宽水蚤和日本虎斑猛水蚤为受试生物,依据急性毒性实验96 h-LC₅₀值,设置5个浓度组和1个对照组,测定摄食率、滤水率、耗氧率、排氨率和抗氧化防御系统中SOD、GST、GPx活性以及GSH含量。结果显示：BDE-47对太平洋真宽水蚤和日本虎斑猛水蚤的96 h-LC₅₀分别为
57和851 μg·L^-1,后者明显高于前者。2种桡足类在BDE-47作用下,其能量摄入和代谢均受到不同程度的诱导或抑制。太平洋真宽水蚤在中浓度(1.425 μg·L^-1)下摄食率和排氨率受到促进,高浓度(5.70和11.40 μg·L^-1)下耗氧率明显抑制;日本虎斑猛水蚤高浓度下(170.20 μg·L^-1)摄食率受到抑制,中浓度(21.28 μg·L^-1)下耗氧率受到促进,各个浓度的BDE-47对其排氨率均有明显促进作用。太平洋真宽水蚤SOD活性在BDE-47暴露96 h过程中均低于对照组(P<0.05),受到明显抑制;GST活性随暴露时间延长先升高后降低;GSH含量和GPx活性低浓度(0.7125和1.425 μg·L^-1)下随时间先升高后降低,而高浓度(5.70和11.40 μg·L^-1)下则相反。日本虎斑猛水蚤SOD活性随BDE-47浓度的升高先降低后升高再降低;GST活性和GSH含量在低浓度(10.64和21.28 μg·L^-1)BDE-47中与对照组相比无显著差异(P>0.05),而高浓度(85.10和170.20 μg·L^-1)
BDE-47下,GST活性随时间先升高后降低,GSH含量则先降低后升高再降低;GPx活性呈现先降低后升高趋势。由此可见,BDE-47与这2种桡足类的能量摄入、代谢和抗氧化防御系统存在一定时间及剂量效应,并具有明显的物种差异性。     

堆肥污泥对杨树幼苗主要抗逆生理动态变化的影响

采用温室盆栽实验研究堆肥污泥对两个杨树品种[凌丰三号(Populus×euramaricanacl.‘Lingfeng 3’)和欧美杨108号(Populus×euramericana‘Guariento’)]幼苗叶片的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性、脯氨酸(Pro)及丙二醛(MDA)含量在不同生长季(污泥施用后的4周、9周、16周和21周)动态变化的影响,分别设置低量污泥(15 t hm-2,LS)、中量污泥(30 t hm-2,MS)、高量污泥(60 t hm-2,HS)和对照(不施污泥,CK)4个处理。结果表明:施用堆肥污泥对2个杨树品种幼苗叶片的SOD、POD及CAT活性的影响在不同生长季均为显著,其中POD活性普遍有所降低,SOD活性基本呈现降低趋势,而CAT活性则因不同品种、污泥用量和生长季而异。施用堆肥污泥对两个品种叶片Pro含量的影响除了污泥施用前期(4周后)外,其他生长季均为显著。污泥对2个品种叶片的膜质过氧化的影响在不同生长季有所差异,在4周和21周后的影响均显著,而在9周和16周后的影响均不显著,并且在污泥施用前、中期(即4周和16周后),叶片的MDA含量基本呈现增加趋势,而在21周后MDA含量则普遍有所降低。由此说明,杨树幼苗对污泥施用有一个适应过程,但因品种和污泥用量而异。     

GO-FLOW方法在共因故障中的应用

共因故障是影响高冗余系统可用度的重要因素。针对如何评估它对系统可用度的影响,简要介绍了GO-FLOW方法,给出利用GO-FLOW计算受共因故障影响的系统不可用度的方法和步骤,并引用实例加以说明。     

Urban ecological security assessment and forecasting,based on a cellular automata model: A case study of Guangzhou,China

Forecasting changes in urban ecological security could be important for the maintenance or improvement of the urban ecological environment. However, there are few references in this field and no landmark research work has been reported, particularly quantitative research. A forecasting model for ecological security based on cellular automata (CA) was developed using preliminary spatial data from an ecological security assessment of Guangzhou conducted previously (1990–2005). The model was constrained using transformation rules based upon proposed planning for 2010–2020. A simulation accuracy of 72.09% was acquired. Using a one-bit assessment grid for 2005 as the starting state for the simulation, the model was used to forecast ecological security for 2020. This revealed that although the ecological security status would be improved relative to current trends, there would still be an overall decline in ecological security over the next 15 years. Even if new urban plans were implemented, landscape pattern analysis suggested a more scattered and homogenous distribution in the urban landscape of Guangzhou and significant variation in landscape characteristics among districts. This suggests that further measures must be adopted to reverse the current trends in Guangzhou's ecological security. The model highlights the need to make ecological protection an integral part of urban planning. This study demonstrates the potential of CA models for forecasting ecological security. Such models could make an important contribution to decision-making for regional governors and to the development of urban planning incorporating assessment and prediction of ecological security.     

城市生态安全水平的空间分异与动态转移特征——以广州市为例

生态安全已经成为国家安全的组成部分,成为区域、国家可持续发展研究的重要内容.基于作者完成的广州市生态安全综合评价数值分布图,文章采取等间距的分类方法,进行了生态安全景观的数量结构、不同类型之间的数量转移关系的研究,并从景观结构的三个方面选取景观指数,研究生态安全景观的格局特征.研究结果显示:生态安全评价指数的最低值的区域呈扩大趋势,增大幅度最大的时段是1990-1995年,空间上以中心城区为主;1990年,研究区生态安全面积百分比最大的区间是60-70,其余三个时间里,这个比值都变小,且发生偏移.最低值区间30～40的百分比值呈增大的趋势.1990-1995年各区间值以向相邻的低值区间转移为主,2000-2005年则基本相反,1995-2000的情况较复杂.景观指数研究结果结果是相互补充的,在1990-2000年间,生态安全景观的破碎度呈减少趋势,但是不同安全值的斑块分布均匀程度在1995年最高.但是,即使是在1995年,仍然有局部区域,某安全值段的斑块呈现出聚集态分布,表现为CONTAG值较高.     

中国天然水体中五氯酚的浓度水平、管理及来源分析

五氯酚(PCP)属内分泌污染物,也是可对生物产生复合毒性的有机污染物。五氯酚及其钠盐曾被用作杀螺剂在我国血吸虫病流行疫区大范围长时间使用。为了解PCP在中国水环境中的污染现状,在阐述中国PCP的生产使用状况基础上,重点论述中国水环境介质中PCP的污染分布及影响因素。中国多地河流水环境中均存在PCP,其中沿长江流域的长江、洞庭湖、鄱阳湖PCP残留量较高,虽均在限值范围内,但PCP污染范围有从主要江河、湖泊等向沿海海域蔓延的趋势。PCP使用历史、用药区域类型、区域PCP消耗量等均会影响PCP的残留量,血吸虫病疫区PCP残留量明显高于对照区,在PCP及其钠盐显著减少使用后(2003年以后),施药历史仍然影响着水体介质中PCP的残留情况,PCP虽已停用,但其对环境所造成的不良影响还在持续。与国外研究相比,我国水环境介质中的PCP污染偏高且有上升趋势,这可能与部分区域近年来重现血吸虫病后施药控制有关。未来一段时期内有关PCP及其环境副产物在环境介质中的迁移转化规律、人群暴露评估、污染介质修复技术以及其替代品的研制都将是研究重点领域。     

Municipal wastewater treatment in China: Development history and future perspectives

The history of China’s municipal wastewater management is revisited. The remaining challenges in wastewater sector in China are identified. New concept municipal wastewater treatment plants are highlighted. An integrated plant of energy, water and fertilizer recovery is envisaged. China has the world’s largest and still growing wastewater sector and water market, thus its future development will have profound influence on the world. The high-speed development of China’s wastewater sector over the past 40 years has forged its global leading treatment capacity and innovation ability. However, many problems were left behind, including underdeveloped sewers and sludge disposal facilities, low sustainability of the treatment processes, questionable wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent discharge standards, and lacking global thinking on harmonious development between wastewater management, human society and the nature. Addressing these challenges calls for fundamental changes in target design, policy and technologies. In this mini-review, we revisit the development history of China’s municipal wastewater management and identify the remaining challenges. Also, we highlight the future needs of sustainable development and exploring China’s own wastewater management path, and outlook the future from several aspects including targets of wastewater management, policies and technologies, especially the new concept WWTP. Furthermore, we envisage the establishment of new-generation WWTPs with the vision of turning WWTP from a site of pollutant removal into a plant of energy, water and fertilizer recovery and an integrated part urban ecology in China.     

烧结车间抽尘风管尘垢防治探讨

钢铁厂的铁矿烧结车间用抽风系统将生产过程混入空气中的粉尘和有害气体抽走。烧结热量作用使抽尘气流温度较高且含水汽偏大,风管外面的冷气作用使风管内表面累积一层粘结强度高的尘垢,影响正常生产。探讨尘垢生成机理,介绍采用夹层风管预防内表面累积尘垢。