发酵鸡粪和有机磷肥对土壤中Pb、Cd污染的影响

研究了湘西地区常用的发酵鸡粪和有机磷肥施用对不同程度Pb、Cd复合污染土壤中乙三胺五醋酸(DTPA)提取态Pb(DTPA-Pb)、DTPA提取态Cd(DTPA-Cd)和土壤酶的影响,并研究了对于种植黑麦草(Lolium perenne L.)的影响。结果表明:(1)施用发酵鸡粪和有机磷肥均能显著改善土壤酸性,一定程度上提高土壤有机质含量。在加入质量浓度200mg/kg总Pb、2mg/kg总Cd复合污染土壤中施用有机磷肥,能有效钝化土壤DTPA-Pb、DTPA-Cd,但在400mg/kg总Pb、4mg/kg总Cd复合污染土壤中钝化效果有限,其优先钝化DTPA-Pb。施用发酵鸡粪不能有效钝化土壤DTPA-Pb、DTPA-Cd。(2)施用发酵鸡粪和有机磷肥均显著提高黑麦草鲜重。虽然施用有机磷肥能更有效的钝化土壤DTPA-Pb、DTPA-Cd,但对于黑麦草种植而言,施用发酵鸡粪能更有效的降低其对Pb和Cd的积累,并且主要积累到根部。(3)施用发酵鸡粪对土壤碱性磷酸酶活性、脱氢酶活性和脲酶活性有显著的促进作用。综合而言,湘西地区种植牧草黑麦草,施用发酵鸡粪比较合适,能有效改善土壤酸性,提高黑麦草鲜重和土壤酶活性,降低黑麦草对Pb和Cd的积累。     

峡山地不同垂直带土壤层的水文功能及其影响因子

渗透性能和持水能力是土壤重要的水力学性质,是土壤调节径流、保持水土和涵养水源等水文功能的基础。以三峡库首的夷陵-大老岭山地为对象,采集亚高山棕壤针叶林地、中山黄棕壤针阔混交林与茶园地和低山黄壤针叶林地等4个样点剖面的土壤样品,在室内进行土壤饱和导水率、水分特征曲线和理化性质测定,量化了不同样地土壤渗透性能、持水能力和水分库容等水文功能参数,并明确了其主要影响因子。结果表明: 研究区山地土壤饱和导水率在0.06～14.78 mm/min之间,亚高山棕壤和中山黄棕壤林地土壤渗透性能较好,其平均饱和导水率在7.15～14.78 mm/ min之间,低山黄壤次之（1.3 9 mm/min）,中山黄棕壤茶园土壤渗透能力最差（1.17 mm/min）。不同类型土壤的饱和含水量、毛管含水量、田间持水量存在较大差异,凋萎含水量差异较小。同一类型土壤的不同发生层内,土壤饱和含水量随土壤深度的增加而递减,毛管持水量和田间持水量随土层深度的增加波动上升。不同样地间土壤水分总库容差异较大,随着海拔的升高,土壤水分总库容增加。土壤水分特征参数与土壤性质的相关分析表明,饱和导水率与土壤总孔隙度呈显著正相关,与容重呈显著负相关;饱和含水量、毛管持水量、田间持水量均与土壤总孔隙度、粘粒含量呈显著性正相关,与容重呈显著负相关;饱和含水量与根系重量呈显著正相关;毛管持水量、田间持水量与砂粒含量呈显著负相关。与中山茶园地和低山黄壤林地相比,亚高山棕壤和中山黄棕壤林地渗透性能较好且持水性更强,具有更好的调蓄径流和涵养水源的水文功能。 关键词： 山地土壤;土壤孔隙度;饱和导水率;持水能力;三峡库区     

Comparisons of three plant species in accumulating polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from the atmosphere: a review

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Plant leaves play a key role in the accumulation of PAHs, as they are able to capture PAHs from the air. In this paper, the mechanism, including...     

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and their methoxylated metabolites in anchovy (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Coilia</Emphasis> sp.) from the Yangtze River Delta,China

Background, aim, and scope  

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and their metabolites are toxic to animals, and concentrations of the PBDEs metabolites can exceed those of the parent materials. But no information was available on concentrations of PBDEs metabolites in the lower Yangtze River in the region around Jiangsu Province of China, which is heavily urbanized and industrialized area. The aims of this study were to determine whether PBDEs and their methoxylated PBDEs (MeO-PBDEs) were accumulated in Coilia sp. in this area and to investigate the potential sources for these two kinds of brominated organic pollutants.     

基于支持向量机的地下水质量综合评价

提出基于支持向量机(SVM)机器学习算法的地下水质量评价模型。首先给出了训练样本生成和数据规范化处理的具体方法,然后采用支持向量机的多分类算法构建模型,并使用k折交叉核实方法对参数进行验证优化。最后通过实证分析,并与单因子指数法、模糊综合评价法和BP神经网络法的评价结果对比分析可知,该方法简便易行,评价结果客观且准确度较高,具有很强的实用性。     

钛基金属氧化物电极的制备及性能

采用聚合物前驱体法制备了Ti/SnO₂-Sb₂O₃电极,再通过恒电流电沉积法制备了 Ti/SnO₂-Sb₂O₃/PbO₂和Ti/SnO₂-Sb₂O₃/MnO₂电极。采用SEM技术对3种金属氧化物电极表面的形貌进行了表征,并分别以3种电极为阳极进行了苯酚的电催化氧化实验。实验结果表明：电解时间为2.5 h时,Ti/SnO₂-Sb₂O₃电极、Ti/SnO₂-Sb₂O₃/PbO₂电极和Ti/SnO₂-Sb₂O₃/MnO₂电极对苯酚的降解率分别为85.9%,83.2%,44.6%;苯酚在3种电极上的电催化氧化反应均遵循一级反应动力学方程;苯酚在Ti/SnO₂-Sb₂O₃ 电极和Ti/SnO₂-Sb₂O₃/PbO₂电极上的反应速率较快,并具有较高的析氧电位;Ti/SnO₂-Sb₂O₃/PbO₂电极具有更好的耐腐蚀性和更长的使用寿命。     

Biomass smoke in Burkina Faso: what is the relationship between particulate matter,carbon monoxide,and kitchen characteristics?

In Burkina Faso where cooking with biomass is very common, little information exists regarding kitchen characteristics and their impact on air pollutant levels. The measurement of air pollutants such as respirable particulate matter (PM₁₀), an important component of biomass smoke that has been linked to adverse health outcomes, can also pose challenges in terms of cost and the type of equipment needed. Carbon monoxide could potentially be a more economical and simpler measure of air pollution. The focus of this study was to first assess the association of kitchen characteristics with measured PM₁₀ and CO levels and second, the relationship of PM₁₀ with CO concentrations, across these different kitchen characteristics in households in Nouna, Burkina Faso. Twenty-four-hour concentrations of PM₁₀ (area) were measured with portable monitors and CO (area and personal) estimated using color dosimeter tubes. Data on kitchen characteristics were collected through surveys. Most households used both wood and charcoal burned in three-stone and charcoal stoves. Mean outdoor kitchen PM₁₀ levels were relatively high (774 μg/m³, 95 % CI 329–1,218 μg/m³), but lower than indoor concentrations (Satterthwaite t value, ?6.14; p?<?0.0001). In multivariable analyses, outdoor kitchens were negatively associated with PM₁₀ (OR?=?0.06, 95 % CI 0.02–0.16, p value <0.0001) and CO (OR?=?0.03, 95 % CI 0.01–0.11, p value <0.0001) concentrations. Strong area PM₁₀ and area CO correlations were found with indoor kitchens (Spearman’s r?=?0.82, p?<?0.0001), indoor stove use (Spearman’s r?=?0.82, p?<?0.0001), and the presence of a smoker in the household (Spearman’s r?=?0.83, p?<?0.0001). Weak correlations between area PM₁₀ and personal CO levels were observed with three-stone (Spearman’s r?=?0.23, p?=?0.008) and improved stoves (Spearman’s r?=?0.34, p?=?0.003). This indicates that the extensive use of biomass fuels and multiple stove types for cooking still produce relatively high levels of exposure, even outdoors, suggesting that both fuel subsidies and stove improvement programs are likely necessary to address this problem. These findings also indicate that area CO color dosimeter tubes could be a useful measure of area PM₁₀ concentrations when levels are influenced by strong emission sources or when used in indoors. The weaker correlation observed between area PM₁₀ and personal CO levels suggests that area exposures are not as useful as proxies for personal exposures, which can vary widely from those recorded by stationary monitors.     

干旱区盐渍地景观危险度评价方法——以新疆渭干河-库车河流域为例

土壤的盐渍化是干旱区农业发展的主要障碍,也是影响绿洲生态环境稳定的重要因素。利用破碎度(C)、分离度(F)、优势度(D)等景观格局指数及景观脆弱度(S)建立了盐渍化景观危险度(SR)评价指数以研究渭干河-库车河流域盐渍化地的危险程度。选择新疆渭干河-库车河流域1989年和2001年Landsat-TM图像为本底数据,结合野外调查样本进行实例验证。研究表明,在12年期间,由于研究区内人类活动不断加强,景观结构变化导致盐渍化景观危险度指数明显增高,综合盐渍化危险度指数(SCR)由0.4832上升到0.5234,盐渍化危险度有扩大的趋势,评价结果与实际情况有较好的一致性。该方法对提高不同干旱区域土壤盐渍地危险度评价的准确性及定量化具有一定的参考意义。     

Effects of perfluorinated compounds on development of zebrafish embryos

Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) have been widely used in industrial and consumer products and frequently detected in many environmental media. Potential reproductive effects of perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) have been reported in mice, rats and water birds. PFOS and PFOA were also confirmed developing toxicants towards zebrafish embryos; however, the reported effect concentrations were contradictory. Polyfluorinated alkylated phosphate ester surfactants (including FC807) are precursor of PFOS and PFOA; however, there is no published information about the effects of FC807 and PFNA on zebrafish embryos. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the effects of these four PFCs on zebrafish embryos. Normal fertilized zebrafish embryos were selected to be exposed to several concentrations of PFOA, PFNA, PFOS or FC807 in 24-well cell culture plates. A digital camera was used to image morphological anomalies of embryos with a stereomicroscope. Embryos were observed through matching up to 96-h post-fertilization (hpf) and rates of survival and abnormalities recorded. PFCs caused lethality in a concentration-dependent manner with potential toxicity in the order of PFOS > FC807 > PFNA > PFOA based on 72-h LC(50). Forty-eight-hour post-fertilization pericardial edema and 72- or 96-hpf spine crooked malformation were all observed. PFOA, PFNA, PFOS and FC807 all caused structural abnormalities using early stages of development of zebrafish. The PFCs all retarded the development of zebrafish embryos. The toxicity of the PFCs was related to the length of the PFC chain and functional groups.     

Bioanalytical and instrumental analysis of thyroid hormone disrupting compounds in water sources along the Yangtze River

Thyroid hormone (TH) agonist and antagonist activities of water sources along the Yangtze River in China were surveyed by a green monkey kidney fibroblast (CV-1) cell-based TH reporter gene assay. Instrumental analysis was conducted to identify the responsible thyroid-active compounds. Instrumentally derived l-3,5,3′-triiodothyronine (T₃) equivalents (T₃-EQs) and thyroid receptor (TR) antagonist activity equivalents referring to dibutyl phthalate (DBP-EQs) were calculated from the concentrations of individual congeners. The reporter gene assay demonstrated that three out of eleven water sources contained TR agonist activity equivalents (TR-EQs), ranging from 286 to 293 ng T₃/L. Anti-thyroid hormone activities were found in all water sources with the TR antagonist activity equivalents referring to DBP (Ant-TR-EQs), ranging from 51.5 to 555.3 μg/L. Comparisons of the equivalents from instrumental and biological assays suggested that high concentrations of DBP and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) were responsible for the observed TR antagonist activities at some locations along the Yangtze River.