配水管网中与有机物反应的余氯衰减动力学模型

提出一级二级反应组合动力学模型,用大量实验数据拟合模型中的参数,模拟配水管网系统中余氯衰减的水体消耗部分.该模型定量反应了温度T、初始氯浓度c₀和TOC与余氯衰减之间的复杂关系.除初始阶段外,组合模型可简化为一级反应模型;T、TOC和c₀与余氯衰减之间的关系分别可简化为指数关系、正线性关系和负线性关系.该模型较好地解释了余氯衰减在初始阶段进行相对较快这一现象.实验数据验证的结果表明:该组合模型与实验数据吻合良好,优于传统的一级反应模型.     

综采面高压注水联合高压喷雾二级防尘技术研究

综采工作面的粉尘防治一直是煤矿安全工作的重点和难题之一。结合双鸭山矿区新安矿综采工作面的实际状况,采用现场煤层高压注水实验方法,研究了高压注水条件下煤体增湿的规律;运用注水实验数据进行反演数值试验,优化煤层高压注水数学模型内部参数,利用注水数值模拟试验确定了综采工作面煤层高压注水减尘技术的最优参数;运用了高压喷雾降尘效率模型数值模拟方法,分析确定了综采工作面采煤机外置高压喷雾降尘的最优参数,研发了孔径为1.2 mm的7孔高压集成喷嘴。新安二矿、三矿煤层高压注水联合高压喷雾二级防尘技术应用效果表明:通过二级联合防尘措施,工作面全尘去除率高达96%,呼吸性粉尘去除率高达94%。     

Assessment of total and organic vanadium levels and their bioaccumulation in edible sea cucumbers: tissues distribution,inter-species-specific,locational differences and seasonal variations

The objective of this study is to investigate the levels, inter-species-specific, locational differences and seasonal variations of vanadium in sea cucumbers and to validate further several potential factors controlling the distribution of metals in sea cucumbers. Vanadium levels were evaluated in samples of edible sea cucumbers and were demonstrated exhibit differences in different seasons, species and sampling sites. High vanadium concentrations were measured in the sea cucumbers, and all of the vanadium detected was in an organic form. Mean vanadium concentrations were considerably higher in the blood (sea cucumber) than in the other studied tissues. The highest concentration of vanadium (2.56 μg g⁻¹), as well as a higher degree of organic vanadium (85.5 %), was observed in the Holothuria scabra samples compared with all other samples. Vanadium levels in Apostichopus japonicus from Bohai Bay and Yellow Sea have marked seasonal variations. Average values of 1.09 μg g⁻¹ of total vanadium and 0.79 μg g⁻¹ of organic vanadium were obtained in various species of sea cucumbers. Significant positive correlations between vanadium in the seawater and V _org in the sea cucumber (r = 81.67 %, p = 0.00), as well as between vanadium in the sediment and V _org in the sea cucumber (r = 77.98 %, p = 0.00), were observed. Vanadium concentrations depend on the seasons (salinity, temperature), species, sampling sites and seawater environment (seawater, sediment). Given the adverse toxicological effects of inorganic vanadium and positive roles in controlling the development of diabetes in humans, a regular monitoring programme of vanadium content in edible sea cucumbers can be recommended.

     

Impact of biochar produced from post-harvest residue on the adsorption behavior of diesel oil on loess soil

The primary objective of this study was to investigate the effect of biochar, produced from wheat residue at different temperatures, on the adsorption of diesel oil by loess soil. Kinetic and equilibrium data were processed to understand the adsorption mechanism of diesel by biochar-affected loess soil; dynamic and thermodynamic adsorption experiments were conducted to characterize this adsorption. The surface features and chemical structure of biochar, modified at varying pyrolytic temperatures, were investigated using surface scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared analysis. The kinetic data showed that the adsorption of diesel oil onto loess soil could be described by a pseudo-second-order kinetic model, with the rate-controlling step being intraparticle diffusion. However, in the presence of biochar, boundary layer control and intraparticle diffusion were both involved in the adsorption. Besides, the adsorption equilibrium data were well described by the Freundlich isothermal model. The saturated adsorption capacity weakened as temperature increased, suggesting a spontaneous exothermic process. Thermodynamic parameter analysis showed that adsorption was mainly a physical process and was enhanced by chemical adsorption. The adsorption capacity of loess soil for diesel oil was weakened with increasing pH. The biochar produced by pyrolytic wheat residue increased the adsorption behavior of petroleum pollutants in loess soil.

     

不同碳源驯化除磷污泥的除磷效果及菌群结构分析

采用SBR反应器,分别以乙酸钠、甘油、丙酸钠为单一碳源,在严格厌氧/缺氧条件下驯化培养反硝化除磷污泥,考察不同碳源对反硝化除磷效果的影响,并采用高通量测序技术研究了不同碳源除磷污泥的菌群结构,分析其中除磷菌所占比例. 结果表明,以乙酸钠、甘油、丙酸钠为碳源的各系统出水中,ρ(TP)平均值分别为0.79、0.98、0.29 mg/L,TP去除率分别为82.5%、79.2%、93.4%. 取自污水厂的种泥微生物多样性最高;其次为以甘油驯化的污泥和以乙酸钠与丙酸钠培养的污泥,二者表现出相似的多样性与菌群结构. 各反应器中的污泥在“纲”与“目”分类级别上分别均以β-Proteobacteria与Rhodocyclales占主导. 稳定期乙酸钠、甘油、丙酸钠为碳源的系统中的除磷菌所占比例分别为9.5%、8.0%、41.5%,以丙酸钠为碳源的系统中除磷菌所占比例最高. 对于厌氧/缺氧系统,与以乙酸钠、甘油相比,丙酸钠为碳源时系统的除磷效果更好,并且有利于除磷菌的富集.      

Assessment of temporal and spatial variations in water quality using multivariate statistical methods： a case study of the Xin＇anjiang River,China

This study evaluated the temporal and spatial variations of water quality data sets for the Xin＇anjiang River through the use of multivariate statistical techniques, including cluster analysis （CA）, discriminant analysis （DA）, correlation analysis, and principal component analysis （PCA）. The water samples, measured by ten parameters, were collected every month for three years （2008-2010） from eight sampling stations located along the river. The hierarchical CA classified the 12 months into three periods （First, Second and Third Period） and the eight sampling sites into three groups （Groups 1, 2 and 3） based on seasonal differences and various pollution levels caused by physicochemical properties and anthropogenic activ- ities. DA identified three significant parameters （tempera- ture, pH and E.coli） to distinguish temporal groups with close to 76% correct assignment. The DA also discovered five parameters （temperature, electricity conductivity, total nitrogen, chemical oxygen demand and total phosphorus） for spatial variation analysis, with 80.56% correct assignment. The non-parametric correlation coefficient （Spear- man R） explained the relationship between the water quality parameters and the basin characteristics, and the GIS made the results visual and direct. The PCA identified four PCs for Groups 1 and 2, and three PCs for Group 3. These PCs captured 68.94%, 67.48% and 70.35% of the total variance of Groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Although natural pollution affects the Xin＇anjiang River, the main sources of pollution included agricultural activities, industrial waste, and domestic wastewater.     

318国道沿线芦山地震的震害特征与烈度区划探讨

针对318国道雅安市政府路段向西一直到二郎山隧道东端沿线两侧的芦山地震震害特征进行总结,并按照《中国地震烈度表》进行地震烈度区划,确定不同地震烈度圈的分界线。同时,将调查结果和中国地震局发布的四川省芦山"4·20"7.0级强烈地震烈度图进行比较。研究表明:318国道沿线地震烈度全部低于Ⅸ度,Ⅷ度区的边界以天全县始阳镇为界即往东约偏移3 km,Ⅶ度区的边界以天全县紫石乡为界即往东偏移约2 km,Ⅵ度区的边界以二郎山隧道东端为界即往东偏移约8 km。同时,根据不同地震烈度圈的分界线,结合微观震中的位置,采用椭圆拟合芦山地震各烈度的等值线,探讨不同地震烈度圈的长半轴、短半轴和面积等。     

采空区精确建模信息系统实体模型交互接口开发

随着矿业的快速发展,Surpac,Dimine,3DMine等三维矿业软件在矿业领域得到了广泛的应用。为进一步完善自主研发的采空区激光扫描三维精确建模信息系统功能,在解析stl,dxf及dtm格式文件的数据结构及其三维实体数据存储规律的基础上,成功地开发了基于上述三种实体模型存储文件格式的采空区三维实体模型交互接口,实现了信息系统与目前主流三维矿业软件之间三维实体模型的交互。实用表明,所开发的接口能有效实现信息系统与其他三维矿业软件之间采空区三维模型的交互与共享,进一步完善了信息系统的模型数据输入输出功能,提高了其应用价值。     

两相分配生物反应器中苍白杆菌PW对芘的降解效果

为降低PAHs对微生物的毒性,促进PAHs的降解,采用TPPB技术(two-phase patitioning bioreactor,两相分配生物反应器)对芘进行降解,研究了不同有机相(硅油、十二烷、十一醇、癸烷、十六烷、十八烷)、ρ(芘)、φ(有机相)和扰动速率对芘降解的影响. 结果表明:当φ(有机相)为10.0%、ρ(芘)为100~1 000 mg/L时,T0(纯水相)及T1(水-硅油)、T2(水-癸烷)、T3(水-十二烷)、T4(水-十一醇)、T5(水-十六烷)和T6(水-十八烷)体系中芘的降解率分别为92.5%~13.9%、69.3%~20.1%、79.6%~23.3%、81.9%~26.9%、86.7%~28.1%、87.7%~34.1%、89.6%~27.4%. ρ(芘)较低时,TPPB抑制了芘的降解;ρ(芘)较高时,TPPB则能促进芘的降解. 6种有机相中,十六烷对芘降解的促进效果最优. 最优φ(有机相)的确定和ρ(芘)有关,ρ(芘)为200 mg/L时,最优φ(十八烷)、φ(十六烷)、φ(十一醇)分别为5.0%、2.5%和5.0%;ρ(芘)为1 000 mg/L时,其均为20.0%. 液体扰动速率的提高能促进芘的降解,液体扰动速率为50~200 r/min时,T6和T5体系中的芘的降解率分别为50.1%~75.6%和54.1%~79.1%. 研究显示,TPPB技术是一种潜在治理高浓度PAHs污染的有效途径,TPPB的优化是多种影响因素综合作用的结果.      

气候因素对水稻单产影响的实证分析—基于湖北农户层面的分层模型

温度、降水及高温热害等气候条件与水稻生产息息相关。论文基于2003—2011年湖北农户层面的2 610个样本数据及气象数据,在考察湖北地区水稻生长期高温热害时空变化特征的基础上,建立了水稻单产及其影响因素的分层模型,重点探讨了温度、降水、极端高温等气候因素对湖北水稻单产的影响,并检验了温度、降水对水稻单产的非线性影响。研究发现,湖北省高温热害呈现明显的时空变化特征。2003—2011年湖北省高温热害呈先降后增的变化趋势,伴随“V”型波动。空间上,高温热害在鄂中和鄂东地区比较严重,鄂西地区和江汉平原则相对更轻。另一方面,气候因素对水稻单产的影响存在明显差异。温度对水稻单产具有显著的促进作用,且两者间存在显著的倒“U”关系,降水对水稻单产的影响并不显著,而高温热害对水稻单产具有显著的负向影响。另外,机械、劳动等要素投入与农田水利等基础设施建设能够显著提高水稻单产。因此,加强对湖北省气象因素的预警及预报,改善农田水利设施、优化播种期、选择适宜品种等方式对于提高水稻单产具有重要意义。