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排序方式: 共有133条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
131.
Per Angelstam Jean-Michel Roberge Robert Axelsson Marine Elbakidze Karl-Olof Bergman Anders Dahlberg Erik Degerman Sönke Eggers Per-Anders Esseen Joakim Hjältén Therese Johansson Jörg Müller Heidi Paltto Tord Snäll Ihor Soloviy Johan Törnblom 《Ambio》2013,42(2):229-240
Assessing ecological sustainability involves monitoring of indicators and comparison of their states with performance targets that are deemed sustainable. First, a normative model was developed centered on evidence-based knowledge about (a) forest composition, structure, and function at multiple scales, and (b) performance targets derived by quantifying the habitat amount in naturally dynamic forests, and as required for presence of populations of specialized focal species. Second, we compared the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) certification standards’ ecological indicators from 1998 and 2010 in Sweden to the normative model using a Specific, Measurable, Accurate, Realistic, and Timebound (SMART) indicator approach. Indicator variables and targets for riparian and aquatic ecosystems were clearly under-represented compared to terrestrial ones. FSC’s ecological indicators expanded over time from composition and structure towards function, and from finer to coarser spatial scales. However, SMART indicators were few. Moreover, they poorly reflected quantitative evidence-based knowledge, a consequence of the fact that forest certification mirrors the outcome of a complex social negotiation process. 相似文献
132.
Guangxing Wang George Gertner Alan Anderson Heidi Howard 《Environmental management》2009,44(4):810-823
The land management of US Army installations requires information on land conditions and their history for planning future
military training activities and allocation of land repair. There is thus a strong need for methodology development to estimate
the land conditions and cumulative military training impacts for the purpose of repair and restoration. In this study, we
simulated at Fort Riley, USA, spatial patterns and temporal dynamics of military training impacts on land conditions quantified
as percent ground cover using an image-aided spatial conditional co-simulation algorithm. Moreover, we estimated the historical
percent ground cover as a measure of the cumulative impacts, and then calculated the allocation of land repair and restoration
based on both current and historical land conditions. In addition, we developed a loss function method for allocation of land
repair and restoration. The results showed: (1) this co-simulation algorithm reproduced spatial and temporal variability of
percent ground cover and provided estimates of uncertainties with the correlation coefficients and root mean square errors
between the simulated and observed values varying from 0.63 to 0.88 and from 23% to 78%, respectively; (2) with and without
the cumulative impacts, the obtained spatial patterns of the land repair categories were similar, but their land areas differed
by 5% to 40% in some years; (3) the combination of the loss function with the co-simulation made it possible to estimate and
computationally propagate the uncertainties of land conditions into the uncertainties of expected cost loss for misallocation
of land repair and restoration; and (4) the loss function, physical threshold, and probability threshold methods led to similar
spatial patterns and temporal dynamics of the land repair categories, however, the loss function increased the land area by
5% to 30% for intense and moderate repairs and decreased the area by 5% to 30% for no repairs and light repairs for most of
the years. This approach provided the potential to improve and automate the existing land rehabilitation and maintenance (LRAM)
system used for the land management of the U.S. Army installations, and it can be applied to the management of other civil
lands and environments. In conclusion, this study overcame the important gaps that exist in the methodological development
and application for simulating land conditions and cumulative impacts due to human activities, and also in the methods for
the allocation of land for repair and restoration. 相似文献
133.
Hartmut Koehler Tobias Frische Ingo Dobner Peter Behrend Maike Schaefer Heidi Taubner Bernd Jastorff Jürgen Warrelmann Ulrich Walter 《Environmental Sciences Europe》2001,13(5):291-300
Results of a field experiment (please refer to Warrelmann et al. 2000a) document TNT-degradation and regeneration after the establishment of a phytoremediation. Various approaches are included in a complex monitoring system, which are conducted in the field (nitroaromatics in soil, seepage water, and plants; soil fauna; soil fungi; decomposition) as well as in the lab (a battery of 6 biotests). The data document a high heterogeneity of the TNT-contamination, a rapid initial decrease and a mediocre displacement of nitroaromatics in plants and seepage water. The initial rapid transformation of TNT to aminodinitrotoluenes ceases significantly after 3 months. Results of the biotest battery allow a sophisticated assessment of soil toxicity; the results from the soil ecological field investigations make the long-term effects of TNT-contamination likely. In a third part of the series of articles, a synopsis and judgement of the project will be delivered. 相似文献