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排序方式: 共有625条查询结果,搜索用时 421 毫秒
211.
Stig Hellebust Arnaud Allanic Ian P. O'Connor John C. Wenger John R. Sodeau 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2010,44(8):1116-1125
Real-time chemical measurements have been made as part of a field study of air quality in the city and harbour of Cork, Ireland. The data relate to the year 2008, with particular attention paid to the period between May and August. Eight air quality parameters were measured: NO, O3, NO2, SO2, EC, OC, particulate SO42? and PM2.5. The data have been used in a novel way involving wind and temporal averaging, along with Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Positive Matrix Factorisation (PMF) methodologies to extrapolate major source contributions for PM2.5. It is demonstrated that continuous monitoring of standard air quality parameters, such as NO, NO2, SO2, along with EC, OC and particulate SO42?, can be used to provide relevant, cost-effective initial estimates of source contributions to ambient PM2.5 levels. It is also shown that the benefit of including OC and particulate SO42? in the monitoring protocol is considerable. Three major source groups of ambient PM2.5 mass in Cork were identified and quantified using this combined monitoring and modelling approach; road transport (19%), domestic solid fuel burning (14%) and oil-fired domestic and industrial boilers, including power generation plants (31%). 相似文献
212.
Bas Verplanken Ian Walker Adrian Davis Michaela Jurasek 《Journal of environmental psychology》2008,28(2):121-127
The habit discontinuity hypothesis states that when a context change disrupts individuals’ habits, a window opens in which behavior is more likely to be deliberately considered. The self-activation hypothesis states that when values incorporated in the self-concept are activated, these are more likely to guide behavior. Combining these two hypotheses, it was predicted that context change enhances the likelihood that important values are considered and guide behavior. This prediction was tested in the domain of travel mode choices among university employees who had recently moved versus had not recently moved residence. As was anticipated, participants who had recently moved and were environmentally concerned used the car less frequently for commuting to work. This was found not only when compared to those who were low on environmental concern (which would be a trivial finding), but also to those who were environmentally concerned but had not recently moved. The effects were controlled for a range of background variables. The results support the notion that context change can activate important values that guide the process of negotiating sustainable behaviors. 相似文献
213.
Shen L Gewurtz SB Reiner EJ MacPherson KA Kolic TM Helm PA Brindle ID Marvin CH 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2008,156(2):515-525
This study determines spatial trends and congener patterns of 2378-substituted polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) in surficial sediments of Lakes Erie and Ontario. Sediments are enriched in 2378-PCDFs in Lake Ontario, and the PCDD/F concentrations increased from shallow near-shore sediments towards deep-water depositional zone sediments. In Lake Erie, sediments were dominated by octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, and the highest PCDD/F concentrations were observed in the western basin and the southern shoreline of the central basin with a decrease towards the eastern basin and the northern shoreline of the central basin. Principal components analysis revealed that chemical manufacture and disposal of chemical waste along the Niagara River has been a major PCDD/F source to Lake Ontario; while PCDD/Fs in Lake Erie are from multiple sources including industrial sources along the Detroit River, major tributaries along the southern shoreline of the lake, and atmospherically-derived material from the upper lakes and connecting channels. 相似文献
214.
Traffic and meteorological impacts on near-road air quality: summary of methods and trends from the Raleigh Near-Road Study 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Baldauf R Thoma E Hays M Shores R Kinsey J Gullett B Kimbrough S Isakov V Long T Snow R Khlystov A Weinstein J Chen FL Seila R Olson D Gilmour I Cho SH Watkins N Rowley P Bang J 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2008,58(7):865-878
A growing number of epidemiological studies conducted worldwide suggest an increase in the occurrence of adverse health effects in populations living, working, or going to school near major roadways. A study was designed to assess traffic emissions impacts on air quality and particle toxicity near a heavily traveled highway. In an attempt to describe the complex mixture of pollutants and atmospheric transport mechanisms affecting pollutant dispersion in this near-highway environment, several real-time and time-integrated sampling devices measured air quality concentrations at multiple distances and heights from the road. Pollutants analyzed included U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)-regulated gases, particulate matter (coarse, fine, and ultrafine), and air toxics. Pollutant measurements were synchronized with real-time traffic and meteorological monitoring devices to provide continuous and integrated assessments of the variation of near-road air pollutant concentrations and particle toxicity with changing traffic and environmental conditions, as well as distance from the road. Measurement results demonstrated the temporal and spatial impact of traffic emissions on near-road air quality. The distribution of mobile source emitted gas and particulate pollutants under all wind and traffic conditions indicated a higher proportion of elevated concentrations near the road, suggesting elevated exposures for populations spending significant amounts of time in this microenvironment. Diurnal variations in pollutant concentrations also demonstrated the impact of traffic activity and meteorology on near-road air quality. Time-resolved measurements of multiple pollutants demonstrated that traffic emissions produced a complex mixture of criteria and air toxic pollutants in this microenvironment. These results provide a foundation for future assessments of these data to identify the relationship of traffic activity and meteorology on air quality concentrations and population exposures. 相似文献
215.
Ian Colbeck Zaheer Ahmad Nasir Shahida Hasnain Sikander Sultan 《Water, Air, & Soil Pollution: Focus》2008,8(1):61-69
In the developing world, the vast majority of people rely on solid biomass fuels for cooking and heating which results in
poor indoor air quality. The present study determined indoor air quality in some rural and urban areas of Pakistan. Measurements
were made of particulate mass (PM10, PM2.5 and PM1), number concentration and bioaerosols in different micro environments.
PM10 concentrations of up to 8,555 μg/m3 were observed inside the kitchens where biofuels were used as energy source. Cleaning and smoking was identified as a major
source of indoor particulate pollution and concentrations of more than more than 2,000 μg/m3 were recorded in the living room during these activities. Indoor number concentrations in Lahore were typically greater than
those observed outdoors in European cites. At a rural site the highest Colony Forming Units (CFUs) were in the 0.5 μm–2 μm
size fraction, while at the urban location CFUs were dominant for 2 μm–16 μm. It was observed that CFUs(Colony Forming Units)
counts were higher inside living rooms than kitchens. It is important to note that women and children were exposed to extremely
high levels of particulates during cooking. Overall, indoor air quality in Pakistan was poor and there is a dire need to take
a serious step to combat with it. 相似文献
216.
Sandy beaches are the prime sites for human recreation and underpin many coastal economies and developments. In many coastal
areas worldwide, beach recreation relies on the use of off-road vehicles (ORVs) driven on the shore. Yet, the use of ORVs
is not universally embraced due to social conflicts with other beach user groups and putative environmental consequences of
vehicle traffic on sandy shores. Such ecological impacts of ORVs are, however, poorly understood for endobenthic invertebrates
of the intertidal zone seawards of the dunes. Consequently, this study quantified the degree to which assemblages of intertidal
beach invertebrates are affected by traffic. The study design comprised a series of temporally replicated spatial contrasts
between two reference sites (no ORVs) and two beaches with heavy ORV traffic (in excess of 250,000 vehicles per year) located
in South-East Queensland, Australia. Macrobenthic assemblages on ORV-impacted beaches had significantly fewer species at substantially
reduced densities, resulting in marked shifts in community composition and structure. These shifts were particularly strong
on the middle and upper shore where vehicle traffic was concentrated. Strong effects of ORVs were detectable in all seasons,
but increased towards the summer months as a result of heavier traffic volumes. This study provides clear evidence that ORVs
can have substantial impacts on sandy beach invertebrates that are manifested throughout the whole community. Demonstrating
such an ecological impact caused by a single type of human use poses a formidable challenge to management, which needs to
develop multi-faceted approaches to balance environmental, social, cultural, and economic arguments in the use of sandy shores,
including management of “beach traffic.” 相似文献
217.
Hua G Broderick J Semple KT Killham K Singleton I 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2007,148(1):176-181
Synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy (SFS) was directly applied to rapidly quantify selected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs: benzo[a]pyrene and pyrene) in aqueous hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HPCD) soil extract solutions from a variety of aged contaminated soils containing four different PAHs. The method was optimized and validated. The results show that SFS can be used to analyse benzo[a]pyrene and pyrene in HPCD based soil extracts with high sensitivity and selectivity. The linear calibration ranges were 4.0x10(-6)-1.0x10(-3)mM for benzo[a]pyrene and 6.0x10(-6)-1.2x10(-3)mM for pyrene in 10mM HPCD aqueous solution alone. The detection limits according to the error propagation theory for benzo[a]pyrene and pyrene were 3.9x10(-6) and 5.4x10(-6)mM, respectively. A good agreement between SFS and HPLC was reached for both determinations of PAHs in HPCD alone and in soil HPCD extracts. Hence, SFS is a potential means to simplify the present non-exhaustive hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HPCD)-based extraction technique for the evaluation of PAH bioavailability in soil. 相似文献
218.
Charles P. Gerba Adam Ross Kazue Takizawa Ian L. Pepper 《Food and environmental virology》2011,3(1):43-45
The ASTM Method D4994-89 has been used in the United States for almost two decades to assess the virological quality of biosolids.
However, the efficiency of this method for recovery of different enteric viruses has never been determined. The method was
found to recover several different enteroviruses and adenovirus 2 with an efficiency ranging from 18.1 ± 5.5 to 24.6 ± 7.8%. 相似文献
219.
Individual particle analysis by scanning electron microscopy is a high resolution analytical technique which can provide the detail necessary to solve many particulate pollution problems. In an electron microscope a beam of electrons is focused on a specimen resulting in a number of signals which are used to collect chemical and morphological information from individual features either manually or automatically. Case studies are presented which illustrate the applications of the technique to three paniculate pollution problems of differing complexity. 相似文献