Identifying source information after river chemical spill occurrences is critical for emergency responses. However, the inverse uncertainty characteristics of this kind of pollution source inversion problem have not yet been clearly elucidated. To fill this gap, stochastic analysis approaches, including a regional sensitivity analysis method, identifiability plot and perturbation methods, were employed to conduct an empirical investigation on generic inverse uncertainty characteristics under a well-accepted uncertainty analysis framework. Case studies based on field tracer experiments and synthetic numerical tracer experiments revealed several new rules. For example, the release load can be most easily inverted, and the source location is responsible for the largest uncertainty among the source parameters. The diffusion and convection processes are more sensitive than the dilution and pollutant attenuation processes to the optimization of objective functions in terms of structural uncertainty. The differences among the different objective functions are smaller for instantaneous release than for continuous release cases. Small monitoring errors affect the inversion results only slightly, which can be ignored in practice. Interestingly, the estimated values of the release location and time negatively deviate from the real values, and the extent is positively correlated with the relative size of the mixing zone to the objective river reach. These new findings improve decision making in emergency responses to sudden water pollution and guide the monitoring network design.
The development of cost-effective and highly efficient anode materials for extracellular electron uptake is important to improve the electricity generation of bioelectrochemical systems. An effective approach to mitigate harmful algal bloom (HAB) is mechanical harvesting of algal biomass, thus subsequent processing for the collected algal biomass is desired. In this study, a low-cost biochar derived from algal biomass via pyrolysis was utilized as an anode material for efficient electron uptake. Electrochemical properties of the algal biochar and graphite plate electrodes were characterized in a bioelectrochemical system (BES). Compared with graphite plate electrode, the algal biochar electrode could effectively utilize both indirect and direct electron transfer pathways for current production, and showed stronger electrochemical response and better adsorption of redox mediators. The maximum current density of algal biochar anode was about 4.1 times higher than graphite plate anode in BES. This work provides an application potential for collected HAB to develop a cost-effective anode material for efficient extracellular electron uptake in BES and to achieve waste resource utilization.
夏季在水力负荷为800mm/d间歇式进水条件下,研究了人工湿地不同工艺流程的8套小试系统SSP（system of small plot）内部水流方向上藻类去除率的变化。结果表明：人工湿地小试系统中,藻类生物量沿水流方向逐渐减少,除藻率在出水处均达到最大值。藻类的去除主要发生在湿地水流方向的前几层,而系统其他层对藻类只有微弱的去除效果。由下行池与上行池构成的湿地系统中,去藻是上、下行池共同作用的结果。在有推流床或塘处理系统参与的湿地系统中,它们对藻类的去除均有一定的作用。去藻作用主要是基质的拦截,不同的水流方向、植物和微生物也起到了一定作用。湿地对藻类的去除率在夏季一般都能达到90%以上,证明人工湿地是一种有效的除藻生态-生物方法,对除藻要求比较高水体的湿地构建及工艺流程的设计、组合具有重要意义。 相似文献
