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81.
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83.
G. V. Schulz 《Die Naturwissenschaften》1936,24(37):589-589
84.
Giuseppe Donati An Bollen Silvana M. Borgognini-Tarli Joerg U. Ganzhorn 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2007,61(8):1237-1251
Animals show specific morphological, physiological and behavioural adaptations to diurnal or nocturnal activity. Cathemeral
species, i.e. animals with activities distributed over the 24-h period, have to compromise between these specific adaptations.
The driving evolutionary forces and the proximate costs and benefits of cathemerality are still poorly understood. Our goal
was to evaluate the role of predator avoidance, food availability and diet quality in shaping cathemeral activity of arboreal
mammals using a lemur species as an example. For this, two groups of collared lemurs, Eulemur collaris, were studied for 14 months in the littoral forest of southeastern Madagascar. Data on feeding behaviour were collected during
all-day and all-night follows by direct observation. A phenological transect containing 78 plant species was established and
monitored every 2 weeks to evaluate food availability during the study period. Characteristics of food items and animal nutritional
intake were determined via biochemical analyses. The ratio of diurnal to nocturnal feeding was used as response variable in
the analyses. The effects of abiotic environmental variables were removed statistically before the analyses of the biotic
variables. We found that diurnal feeding lasted longer during the hot–wet season (December–February), whereas nocturnal feeding
peaked during the hot–dry and cool–wet seasons (March–August). Although the lemurs foraged mostly in lower forest strata during
daylight and used emergent trees preferably at night, the variables which measured animal exposure to birds of prey failed
to predict the variation of the ratio of diurnal/nocturnal feeding. Ripe fruit availability and fiber intake are the two variables
which best predicted the annual variation of the lemur diurnality. The data indicate that feeding over the whole 24-h cycle
is advantageous during lean periods when animals have a fibre-rich, low-quality diet. 相似文献
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Ultrastructural and chemical characterization of egg surface of honeybee worker and queen-laid eggs 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Tamar?Katzav-GozanskyEmail author Victoria?Soroker Josef?Kamer Claudia?M.?Schulz Wittko?Francke Abraham?Hefetz 《Chemoecology》2003,13(3):129-134
Summary. Worker policing in honeybees predicts the
evolution of a mechanism to discriminate between queenand
worker-born eggs. Although it has been postulated that
this discrimination is based on an egg recognition
pheromone, neither the chemistry nor the glandular source
were elucidated. To verify whether egg discrimination might
be based on structural differences, we compared the ultrastructure
surface of queen-laid diploid and haploid eggs to
that of worker-laid eggs using SEM. Only small differences
between the different types of eggs were found. Thus, at
least based on the fine structure of the egg surface, queen
eggs are indistinguishable from worker-laid eggs.To explore the chemosensory hypothesis for egg discrimination,
we conducted a detailed comparative chemical
analysis of the different egg types. The coating of all egg
types was dominated by linear alkanes, but queen eggs,
diploid and haploid, differed from those of workers on two
accounts: 1. The diversity of compounds found on queenlaid
eggs was much greater than found on worker-laid eggs,
mainly due to the number of hydrocarbons. 2. Acetates of
some fatty alcohols, alkenes and especially monomethylalkanes
were characteristic to queen eggs. The origin of the
two latter substances and the acetates is still unknown.
Whether these compounds constitute the signal that enables
police workers to discriminate between queen- and workerborn
eggs remains to be investigated. 相似文献
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Anna Schulz Asim Zia Christopher Koliba 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2017,22(1):175-198
Multi-level governance networks provide both opportunities and challenges to mainstream climate change adaptation due to their routine decision-making and coordination processes. This paper explores institutionalizing resilience and adaptation to climate change in the intergovernmental transportation planning processes that address bridge infrastructure in the Northeastern United States (USA), specifically in Vermont and Maine. The research presented here relies on nine interviews with policy-makers and planners, a survey of transportation project prioritization criteria, development of a longitudinal bridge funding database, and its integration with publicly available geospatial data. It presents a novel spatial analysis methodology, a modified version of which could be adopted by transportation agencies for prioritizing scarce adaptation funds. Although transportation agencies are undertaking a variety of mitigation activities to address business-as-usual needs, climate change adaptation and resilience efforts remain underprioritized. Adaptation is a global concern, but impacts vary dramatically between regions and require localized solutions. Bridges and culverts, which are especially vulnerable to climate-induced flooding impacts, have complex maintenance and design processes and are subject to convoluted adaptation planning procedures. Critical gaps in resources and knowledge are barriers to improved adaptation planning. Restructuring the transportation project prioritization procedures used by planning organizations to explicitly include adaptation may provide a novel strategy to institutionalize resilience in transportation. These procedures must be considered in the context of the intergovernmental networks that exist to support transportation infrastructure. Although these networks will likely vary across countries, the approaches introduced here to study and address transportation infrastructure adaptation may be applied to many settings. 相似文献