Linking landscape development intensity within watersheds to methyl-mercury accumulation in river sediments

An indicator of the disturbance of natural systems, the landscape development intensity (LDI) index, was used to assess the potential for land-use within watersheds to influence the production/accumulation of methyl-mercury (MeHg) in river sediments. Sediment samples were collected from locations impacted by well-identified land-use types within the Mobile-Alabama River Basin in Southeastern USA. The samples were analyzed for total-Hg (THg) and MeHg concentrations and the obtained values correlated to the calculated LDI indexes of the sampled watersheds to assess the impact of prevalent land use/land cover on MeHg accumulation in sediments. The results show that unlike THg, levels of MeHg found in sediments are impacted by the LDI indexes. Overall, certain combinations of land-use types within a given watershed appear to be more conducive to MeHg accumulation than others, therefore, pointing to the possibility of targeting land-use practices as potential means for reducing MeHg accumulation in sediments, and ultimately, fish contamination.     

Review of receptor modeling methods for source apportionment

Efforts have been made to relate measured concentrations of airborne constituents to their origins for more than 50 years. During this time interval, there have been developments in the measurement technology to gather highly time-resolved, detailed chemical compositional data. Similarly, the improvements in computers have permitted a parallel development of data analysis tools that permit the extraction of information from these data. There is now a substantial capability to provide useful insights into the sources of pollutants and their atmospheric processing that can help inform air quality management options. Efforts have been made to combine receptor and chemical transport models to provide improved apportionments. Tools are available to utilize limited numbers of known profiles with the ambient data to obtain more accurate apportionments for targeted sources. In addition, tools are in place to allow more advanced models to be fitted to the data based on conceptual models of the nature of the sources and the sampling/analytical approach. Each of the approaches has its strengths and weaknesses. However, the field as a whole suffers from a lack of measurements of source emission compositions. There has not been an active effort to develop source profiles for stationary sources for a long time, and with many significant sources built in developing countries, the lack of local profiles is a serious problem in effective source apportionment. The field is now relatively mature in terms of its methods and its ability to adapt to new measurement technologies, so that we can be assured of a high likelihood of extracting the maximal information from the collected data.

Implications: Efforts have been made over the past 50 years to use air quality data to estimate the influence of air pollution sources. These methods are now relatively mature and many are readily accessible through publically available software. This review examines the development of receptor models and the current state of the art in extracting source identification and apportionments from ambient air quality data.     

2种动物对复合垂直流人工湿地基质中磷形态的影响

分别向复合垂直流人工湿地下行流池和上行流池中加入蚯蚓和泥鳅,研究动物加入后人工湿地基质中磷形态及去除效率的变化。结果表明,加入蚯蚓后,下行流池基质中铁铝磷(Fe/Al-P)、钙磷(Ca-P)、有机磷和总磷的含量显著增加(p<0.05);加入泥鳅后,上行流池基质中Fe/Al-P含量无显著性变化,钙磷、有机磷、总磷含量增加。人工湿地加入蚯蚓后,基质中Ca-P占总磷的百分比下降,Fe/Al-P和有机磷占总磷的百分比增加;加入泥鳅后,基质中Ca-P占总磷的百分比也下降,而有机磷占总磷的百分比升高,该结果表明,蚯蚓和泥鳅促进了基质中Ca-P向有机磷的转化。加入蚯蚓的人工湿地对磷的去除率高于未加蚯蚓的人工湿地,其原因之一可能与加入蚯蚓后人工湿地基质总磷含量增加有关。     

植物种类与水力负荷对人工湿地去除污染物的交互作用

人工湿地去污效能不仅受水力负荷(HL)影响,还与植物种类有关。为研究这2种因素对污染物去除的交互作用,根据植物根系长度,分别构建短根型、中根型及长根型植物潜流人工湿地中试系统,在运行稳定后,考察不同植物种类在不同水力负荷(152、230、305和460 mm/d)下的去污效果。结果表明:植物种类对COD去除率的影响差别不显著,对氮磷去除率有显著影响,且去除率符合长根型 > 中根型 > 短根型;水力负荷对COD、TN、NH4+-N和TP的去除均有显著影响,随着水力负荷减小去除率均逐渐升高;植物种类与水力负荷的交互作用对各污染物去除率均有显著影响,且受水力负荷影响较大,TN、NH4+-N的去除在水力负荷较小时交互作用较明显,COD去除的最优HL为230 mm/d。因此,在人工湿地设计时应考虑植物种类与水力负荷的交互作用。     

污泥在CO2气氛下热解CO与CH4的生成特性

利用热重-红外(TG-FTIR)联用技术研究了典型市政污水污泥在CO2和N2气氛下的热解特性。基于TG-FTIR分析结果,采用等温模式配合法研究了CO2气氛下污泥固定床热解过程中CO和CH4的生成特性,建立了CO和CH4的生成动力学机理模型,并同传统N2气氛下污泥热解情况进行了对比,理论模型利用实际实验数据进行了验证分析。结果表明,在实验温度范围内2种气氛下CO与CH4的生成情况有着比较明显的差异,CO2气氛下CH4释放浓度在峰值和总量上都要低于N2气氛,CH4释放峰值来得更早,释放时间更为集中,释放过程也结束得更快。相反,CO的释放浓度峰值,总量以及持续时间在CO2气氛下都要远远高于N2气氛,随着温度的升高,差距越来越大,CO2的存在大大促进了CO的生成。经实验验证,理论推导所得的模型公式对于热解产物生成有着良好的预测结果。     

粉状褐煤对水中草甘膦的动态吸附

采集内蒙霍林河煤矿褐煤样品,加工成粒径0.38~0.83 mm作为吸附剂,对模拟草甘膦废水进行动态吸附实验。考察了吸附柱高(3、5和10 cm)、草甘膦初始浓度(0.5%、0.75%和1.0%)、流速(1、2和3 mL/min)、pH(9、11和13)和离子强度(IS, 0.001、0.01和0.1 mol/L)对草甘膦的吸附穿透曲线和传质区长度的影响。实验结果表明,降低柱高、增大初始浓度、提高流速、增加离子强度均会使穿透时间提前,pH变化对穿透时间影响很小;柱高、初始浓度、流速、IS和pH引起的传质区长度的平均变化率绝对值分别为0.675、6.300、1.625、47.727和0.263,可见,与柱高、初始浓度和流速相比,IS对传质区长度的影响较大,pH影响较小。低浓度条件下,吸附穿透曲线的实验数据符合BDST模型拟合条件(R2 >0.99),在仅改变柱高或流速时,穿透时间理论值与实测值的最大误差均为5.71%,运用该模型能够准确地预测褐煤吸附柱的操作时间。     

基于磷脂脂肪酸法分析A+OSA污泥减量工艺微生物群落结构

以传统缺氧-好氧(AO) 工艺为参照,采用磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)分析技术研究了缺氧-好氧-沉淀-厌氧(A+OSA)污泥减量工艺微生物生物量变化及群落结构分布特征。结果表明,参照工艺及减量工艺PLFAs组成以饱和脂肪酸、支链脂肪酸和单不饱和脂肪酸为主,并含有少量环丙烷脂肪酸和羟基脂肪酸。减量工艺污泥减量主要是源于贮泥池中污泥衰减,好氧菌和革兰氏阴性菌(G-菌)为与污泥衰减相关的微生物类群。真菌含量变化表明,减量工艺有抑制真菌生长的作用。减量工艺由于贮泥池的插入造成其微生物群落结构与参照工艺有显著不同,减量工艺缺氧池与好氧池微生物群落结构相似度提高。     

简青霉-生物炭联合吸附处理染料废水

利用简青霉菌丝球固定生物炭制得一种新型生物吸附剂,吸附处理亚甲基蓝(MB)和甲基橙(MO)两种染料,考察了接触时间、菌丝球和生物炭用量、pH、染料初始浓度等影响因子对处理效果的影响。结果表明,菌丝球固定生物炭不仅保留了两者的吸附能力,而且易于固液分离。含炭菌丝球对亚甲基蓝的吸附效果优于甲基橙。甲基橙和亚甲基蓝的吸附平衡时间分别为48 h和60 h。亚甲基蓝在碱性条件下的吸附去除效果更好,甲基橙的吸附最适pH范围为5~6。Langmuir等温模型比Freundlich等温模型更适合模拟含炭菌丝球对亚甲基蓝和甲基橙的吸附行为。实验结果可以为微生物和生物炭的联合应用提供科学依据。     

催化强化臭氧氧化处理化工园区生化尾水

以陶粒为载体,以TiO2,Fe2O3,MnO2为活性组分,考察不同活性组分的陶粒作为催化剂对化工园区生化尾水臭氧氧化能力的强化情况。结果表明,3种负载型催化剂均能有效强化臭氧氧化过程,显著降低生化尾水Abs、UV254以及COD等指标,其中以Fe2O3/陶粒的催化强化效果最为显著,能显著降低生化尾水在200~250 nm处的吸波强度,尾水UV254从0.580降至0.320,COD从240 mg/L降至194 mg/L。