Credible Enforcement Policies Under Illegal Fishing: Does Individual Transferable Quotas Induce to Reduce the Gap Between Approved and Proposed Allowable Catches?

In general, approved Total Allowable Catches (TACs) are higher than proposed TACs by the scientific assessment and reported landings approved are higher than approved TAC. We build a simple enforcement agency’s behavior model that generates—as a rational behavior—those two facts. The model has two ingredients. First, there exists illegal fishing generated by an imperfect enforcement technology; second, the enforcement agency cannot commit on announced penalties. We show that lack of commitment increases the potential benefits for national enforcement agency of deviating from proposal (scientific optimal) quotas. Although the enforcement agency wants to announce a low quota target to induce a low level of illegal harvest, it will find optimal to revise the quota announced in order to reduce penalties and improve fishermen welfare. Therefore, agencies find it optimal to approve higher quotas than that proposed by the scientific advice. Our main result is to show that when full compliance is not possible, and national agencies cannot commit, the introduction of Individual Transferable Quotas increases the potential benefits for agencies of deviating from the optimal proposed TAC by the scientific advised.     

滇池流域地下水污染风险评价及其防控研究

地下水是维系水系统良性循环和支撑生态系统协调发展的重要保障.针对滇池流域水文地质特征,选择含水层介质、地形坡度、河网距离以及硝态氮单位面积污染负荷4个评价因子对地下水污染风险进行综合评价.利用层次分析法确定4个评价因子的权重并进行图层叠加分析,将地下水污染风险划分为敏感区、易污染区和一般防控区进行分区防控.最后提出防治措施,以期为水资源的优化配置和水体保护提供参考.     

爆破地震作用下桩-土-结构相互作用的数值模拟

土-结构动力相互作用是地震工程和结构抗震的重要研究内容,但目前对爆破地震作用下土-结构动力相互作用的研究较少。运用大型有限元软件ANSYS/LS-DYNA,建立了桩-土-结构相互作用体系的三维有限元模型,由桩尖输入实测爆破地震波,取得了良好的计算效果。计算结果表明:考虑桩-土-结构相互作用后,群桩基础中每个桩的位移、加速度和剪应力幅值均呈桩顶大、桩尖小的倒三角分布,桩与承台的接合部比较容易受到损坏;桩-土-结构相互作用体系在爆破地震波冲击后,还会发生几次振动,但是这些振动产生的影响要小于爆破地震产生的影响,这与实测结果相符合;爆破地震波冲击下,群桩基础中,角桩顶部表面的桩土接触压力较大,但在爆破地震波冲击后,中心桩顶部表面的桩土接触压力较大,且具有一定的周期性,直至衰减为零。     

走出电子废弃物治理的“循环经济误区”

电子废弃物具有加大资源环境压力与可再生循环利用的双重属性。从循环经济视角看,治理的思路首先应是从源头节约资源的使用和减少废物的排放而非强化其循环功能。因此,应通过实施生产者责任延伸制,走出电子废弃物治理的"循环经济误区",并在资金支持、信息管理、回收处理体系建设、社会支持等方面做出进一步的努力。     

江西柘林水库集水区近50年气候干湿状况研究

柘林水库的面积和库容较大,但集水区面积相对较小,水资源亏缺是其主要制约因子,研究近50 a来水库集水区的气候干湿状况和变化趋势,对于水库的运行调度、效益发挥以及制定科学的投资计划具有很好的参考价值。基于江西柘林水库集水区内3个常规气象站1958～2007年的逐日降水、气温等要素观测资料,计算不同时间尺度的标准化降水指数（SPI指数）,以衡量集水区干湿情况;用FAO Penman Monteith 方法计算参考蒸散量;以年降水量与年参考蒸散量的差值近似代表最大径流深度。采用线性趋势拟合、滑动平均等分析方法,对水库集水区的旱涝、参考蒸散量、最大径流深度等的时间分布状况、季节变化、变化趋势等进行了分析。研究结果表明：（1）柘林水库集水区1998年以来年降水量呈明显下降趋势,而年参考蒸散量呈上升趋势,导致年最大径流深度下降明显,水库水资源不足;（2）近50 a柘林水库集水区的降水集中度呈增加趋势,强降水对总降水量的贡献增大,旱涝发生风险均增加;（3）近50 a柘林水库集水区旱涝互现、旱重于涝     

西南贫困山区旅游环境容量测算——以贵州省六盘水市为例

选择贵州省具有典型贫困山区特征的六盘水市风景名胜区为例,通过分析空间承载量、社会承载量、经济承载量三大要素的主要影响因子,定量分析了六盘水市风景区的旅游环境容量。研究表明,六盘水市六大风景区的空间日容量为3.4万人/d,社会环境容量为1.37万人/d,经济环境容量为1.59万人/d,总旅游环境承载量为501万人/年。社会承载容量成为制约喀斯特景区发展并限制接待游客容量的主要因素,这主要是因为游客对该景区认知少,部分景点由于地势险恶或资金投入少等还未开放和宣传,交通不发达,景区内的可达面积开发较小。本研究可为深层次推进旅游业的经济拉动效应和环境优化效应提供依据。     

Studies on atmospheric degradation of diazinon in the EUPHORE simulation chamber

The gas phase atmospheric degradation of diazinon has been investigated at the large outdoor European Photoreactor (EUPHORE) in Valencia, Spain. The rate constant for reaction of diazinon with OH radicals was measured using a conventional relative rate method with di-n-buthylether as reference compound being k = (3.5 ± 1.2) × 10⁻¹¹ cm³ molecule⁻¹ s⁻¹ at 302 ± 10 K and atmospheric pressure. The available evidence indicates that tropospheric degradation of diazinon is mainly controlled by reaction with OH radicals, and that the tropospheric lifetime with respect to the OH reaction is estimated to be around 4 h whereas its lifetime with respect to the photolysis is higher than 1 d under our conditions. Significant aerosol formation was observed following the reaction of diazinon with OH radicals, and the main carbon-containing products detected in the particle phase were hydroxydiazinon, hydroxydiazoxon and 2-isopropyl-6-methyl-pyrimidinyl-4-ol.     

高原长大隧道尘肺病防治技术发展与应用研究

尘肺病防治是川藏铁路高原长大隧道施工的重大技术难点之一,新形势下防控技术需要向精细化、科技化方向发展.综合考虑技术经济性和可行性,以局部空间清洁为代表的卫生工程技术、以卫生信息化为支撑的施工健康保障技术、以识别监测为手段的卫生管理新方法,将为川藏铁路卫生保障提供技术支撑.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.     

单歧藻降解4-乙基酚的动力学研究

以4-乙基酚为研究对象,分4个系列浓度组研究其在单歧藻作用下的可降解性及其影响因素,并采用最近提出的生物降解二级反应动力学方程拟合其降解过程.实验结果表明,单歧藻可降解4-乙基酚,其降解速率与藻细胞浓度和有机物初始浓度有关.在较低的有机污染物浓度范围内,动力学常数K主要由藻细胞活性即藻生长速率r决定.