An economic and environmental framework for analyzing globally sourced auto parts packaging system

Competitive forces are driving US domestic manufacturers to source parts globally, which significantly extends their supply chain and introduces new sustainability concerns. This paper addresses the situation from an operating division manager's perspective. We present an approach to packaging system assessment which considers the division manager's span of control, addresses the design of packaging and the corresponding logistics processes, and incorporates both cost and environmental impacts. A construct familiar to operations managers, the value stream map, is adapted to model material flow of both parts and packages, and an integrated material flow analysis is used as the common basis for cost analysis, a modified life cycle environmental impact analysis, and an energy consumption analysis. The framework is illustrated using a case study of a major US automaker.     

环境—经济系统能值（Emergy）评价：介绍Odum的能值理论

介绍了美国著名生态学家Ｈ．Ｔ．Ｏｄｕｍ创立的能值理论，通过具体实例来分析环境－ 能值特征，评价环境征税的经济价值，阐明自然环境与人类经济相互协调发 的重要性，为人们正确评价环境和从事科研提供新思路。     

昆明市大气SO2,硫酸盐化速率监测分析

通过对１９９４年－１９９７年昆明地区大气ＳＯ２和上轮速率的监测分析，经数据处理，找出了在较有规律的变化因素。ＳＯ２和ＳＯ３无率是时为化，功能区的分布，还是季度变化都存在有一定的相关关系。本文还对ＳＯ２和ＳＯ３作３、４年的趋势分析。     

Exposure assessment,chemical characterization and source identification of PM2.5 for school children and industrial downwind residents in Guangzhou,China

To assess the exposure doses of PM_2.5 and to investigate its chemical components for the subpopulation (i.e., school children and industrial downwind residents), simultaneous sampling of indoor and outdoor PM_2.5 was conducted at an elementary school close to traffic arteries and a residence located in the downwind area of a steel plant in metropolitan Guangzhou in 2010. Chemical components, i.e., organic carbon, elemental carbon and 6 water soluble ions were analyzed in PM_2.5. A survey was also conducted to investigate the time-activity patterns of the school children and the industrial downwind residents. Indoor and outdoor PM_2.5 were 63.2 ± 20.1 and (76.7 ± 35.8) μg/m³ at the school, and 118.8 ± 44.7 and 125.7 ± 57.1 μg/m³ in the community, respectively. Indoor PM_2.5 was found to be highly related to outdoor sources, and stationary sources were the significant contributors to PM_2.5 at both sites. The daily average doses of PM_2.5 for the school children at the school (D _children) and the industrial downwind residents in the community (D _residents) were (7.6 ± 1.9) and (36.1 ± 36.8) μg/kg-day, respectively. The daily average doses of particulate organic mass and SO₄ ^2? were the two most abundant chemical components in PM_2.5. PM_2.5 exposure for the school children was contributed by indoor and outdoor environments by 48.8 and 51.2 %, respectively; for the industrial downwind residents, the contributions were 66.0 and 34.0 %, respectively. Age and body weight were significantly and negatively correlated with D _children, while age, body weight and education level were significantly and negatively correlated with D _residents; gender was not a significant factor at both cases.     

Initial mixing of inclined dense jet in perpendicular crossflow

A comprehensive experimental investigation for an inclined ( $60^{\circ }$ to vertical) dense jet in perpendicular crossflow—with a three-dimensional trajectory—is reported. The detailed tracer concentration field in the vertical cross-section of the bent-over jet is measured by the laser-induced fluorescence technique for a wide range of jet densimetric Froude number $Fr$ and ambient to jet velocity ratios $U_r$ . The jet trajectory and dilution determined from a large number of cross-sectional scalar fields are interpreted by the Lagrangian model over the entire range of jet-dominated to crossflow-dominated regimes. The mixing during the ascent phase of the dense jet resembles that of an advected jet or line puff and changes to a negatively buoyant thermal on descent. It is found that the mixing behavior is governed by a crossflow Froude number $\mathbf{F} = U_r Fr$ . For $\mathbf{F} < 0.8$ , the mixing is jet-dominated and governed by shear entrainment; significant detrainment occurs and the maximum height of rise $Z_{max}$ is under-predicted as in the case of a dense jet in stagnant fluid. While the jet trajectory in the horizontal momentum plane is well-predicted, the measurements indicate a greater rise and slower descent. For $\mathbf{F} \ge 0.8$ the dense jet becomes significantly bent-over during its ascent phase; the jet mixing is dominated by vortex entrainment. For $\mathbf{F} \ge 2$ , the detrainment ceases to have any effect on the jet behavior. The jet trajectory in both the horizontal momentum and buoyancy planes are well predicted by the model. Despite the under-prediction of terminal rise, the jet dilution at a large number of cross-sections covering the ascent and descent of the dense jet are well-predicted. Both the terminal rise and the initial dilution for the inclined jet in perpendicular crossflow are smaller than those of a corresponding vertical jet. Both the maximum terminal rise $Z_{max}$ and horizontal lateral penetration $Y_{max}$ follow a $\mathbf{F}^{-1/2}$ dependence in the crossflow-dominated regime. The initial dilution at terminal rise follows a $S \sim \mathbf{F}^{1/3}$ dependence.     

多氯联苯降解菌Pcb6所含质粒的某些特性的研究

研究证明,某些土壤微生物可以分解多氯联苯(PCBs)。笔者也曾报道过几株能够降解PCBs的细菌。细菌降解质粒可赋予细菌分解代谢各种复杂有机化合物的能力。Kamp和Furukawa等曾分别发现了能够将4-氯联苯和3,5-二氯联苯转化成对应的氯苯甲酸的质粒。 Pseudo monas.sp.Pcb6是一株含有质粒的PCBs降解菌,它对4-PCB、PCB-42、PCB-48和Aroclor1254降解效果显著,并具有明显的脱氯作用。本实验对该质粒的某些生物学特性进行了研究。     

化学品风险管理的社会经济影响分析方法学构建

社会经济影响分析(SEA)用于评估某项活动所带来的多方面影响,是公共管理决策尤其是环境管理决策的重要步骤。随着化学品环境和健康风险问题日益受到关注以及国际化学品管理进程的不断推进,SEA在科学制定化学品风险管理方案和国际履约决策中发挥着日益重要的作用。我国作为化学品生产和使用规模庞大的发展中国家,更应研究并有效开展SEA。文章综合考虑化学品风险管理的SEA相关国际导则、评估案例和我国化学品管理的基础国情,系统分析了化学品风险管理SEA的基本概念、构成、特点和步骤,并结合《关于持久性有机污染物的斯德哥尔摩公约》拟议新增受控物质——六溴环十二烷的案例,构建出一套系统、可操作的SEA方法,以期为我国化学品风险管理决策、国际履约及相关研究提供参考。     

次氯酸钠发生器系统在龙岩水厂的应用

龙岩市部分自来水厂在2018年开始将二氧化氯消毒工艺和液氯消毒工艺改为次氯酸钠发生器系统消毒工艺.本文分析对比了两个水厂改造前后一年的实际运行情况.结果表明使用次氯酸钠发生器系统不会降低消毒效果,水中微生物指标可达到《生活饮用水卫生标准》要求;较智能化,节省人工,管理简便;投加次氯酸钠溶液能提升出厂水pH值,减少NaO...     

Rapid synthesis of Ti-MCM-41 by microwave-assisted hydrothermal method towards photocatalytic degradation of oxytetracycline

This study employed microwave-assisted hydrothermal method to synthesize Ti-MCM-41,which are mesoporous materials with a high surface area and excellent photocatalytic ability. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR), X-ray diffraction(XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS), transmission electron microscopy(TEM), and ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy(UV–Vis) were employed. The XRD findings showed that Ti-MCM-41 exhibited a peak at 2θ of 2.2°, which was attributed to the hexagonal MCM-41 structure. The BET(Brunauer–Emmett–Teller) results agreed with the TEM findings that Ti-MCM-41 has a pore size of about 3–5 nm and a high surface area of 883 m~2/g. FTIR results illustrated the existence of Si–O–Si and Si–O–Ti bonds in Ti-MCM-41. The appearance of Ti2 p peaks in the XPS results confirmed the FTIR findings that the Ti was successfully doped into the MCM-41 structure. Zeta(ζ)-potential results indicated that the iso-electric point(IEP) of Ti-MCM-41 was at about pH 3.02. In this study, the photocatalytic degradation of oxytetracycline(OTC) at different pH was investigated under Hg lamp irradiation(wavelength 365 nm). The rate constant(K′_(obs)) for OTC degradation was 0.012 min-1at pH 3. Furthermore, TOC(total organic carbon) and high resolution LC–MS(liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry) analyses were conducted to elucidate the possible intermediate products and degradation pathway for OTC. The TOC removal efficiency of OTC degradation was 87.0%, 74.4% and 50.9% at pH 3, 7 and 10, respectively. LC–MS analysis results showed that the degradation products from OTC resulted from the removal of functional groups from the OTC ring.     

Environmental application of three-dimensional graphene materials as adsorbents for dyes and heavy metals: Review on ice-templating method and adsorption mechanisms

The remediation of wastewater requires treatment technologies which are robust, efficient, simple to operate and affordable such as adsorption. Lately, three-dimensional (3D) graphene based materials have attracted significant attention as effective adsorbents for wastewater treatment. The intrinsic properties of 3D graphene structure such as large surface area and interconnected porous structure can facilitate the transport of pollutants into the 3D network and provide abundant active sites for trapping the pollutants. For the synthesis of 3D graphene structure, ice-templating is commonly practiced due to its facile steps, cost effectiveness and high scalability potential. This review covers the ice-templating fabrication technique for 3D graphene based materials and their application as adsorbents in eliminating dyes and heavy metals from aqueous media. The assembly mechanisms of the ice-templating fsynthesis are comprehensively discussed. Further discussion on the fundamental principles, critical process parameters and characteristics of ice-templated 3D graphene structures is also included. A thorough review on the mechanisms for batch adsorption of dyes and heavy metals is presented based on the structures and properties of the 3D graphene materials. The review further evaluates the dynamic adsorption in packed columns and the regeneration of 3D graphene based materials.