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361.
Though polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) have distributed as threats in the environment to human beings for several decades, monitoring of trace level PCBs in-field is still a challenge. As a potential method for monitoring PCBs at trace levels, Raman spectroscopy has been used to detect several PCBs in the laboratory. To facilitate the development of rapid detection of PCBs by Raman spectroscopy, it is essential to investigate the Raman spectra of all PCB congeners. Herein, the stable configurations and vibrational spectra of all the PCB congeners were calculated by Gaussian 03 program package. Based on molecular symmetry, PCBs are classified into seven groups. The structural features and the normal vibration modes for each group are discussed. Taking the C(2)-2 group as an example, the wavenumber ranges of the various normal vibration modes in the Raman spectra of PCBs were analyzed. The accuracy of calculated results was verified by experimental Raman spectra of PCB77 standard. This study can elucidate further information to promote the development of Raman spectroscopy in environmental monitoring. 相似文献
362.
363.
Lai Yoke Lee Jiang Yong Hu Say Leong Ong How Yong Ng Shih Wei Wong Yaoyu Feng Xiaolan Tan 《Water environment research》2008,80(8):725-731
The application of immunofluorescent labeling using quantum dots for detection of inactivated Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in spiked water samples (reservoir water, treated wastewater effluent, permeate of a membrane bioreactor, and tap water) provided more consistent results compared with the organic fluorophores label. The varying degree of particles present in the different water samples (with turbidity ranging from 0.2 to 6.1 NTU) in nonconcentrated water samples had insignificant interference on the labeled counts (2-sample t-tests, p > 0.236) using the quantum dot label, while the quantum dot label provided an advantage of approximately 50% lower interference in concentrated water samples compared with the organic fluorophores label. 相似文献
364.
365.
We investigated the extractability of nickel (Ni) in serpentine soils collected from rice paddy fields in eastern Taiwan to evaluate the bioavailability of Ni in the soils as well as for demonstrating the health risks of Ni in rice. Total Ni concentrations in the soils ranged were 70.2–2730 mg/kg (mean, 472 mg/kg), greatly exceeding the natural background content and soil control standard in Taiwan. Available Ni concentration only accounts for <10% of total soil Ni content; 0.1 N HCl-extractable Ni was the more suitable index for Ni bioavailability in the soil to rice than was diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA)-extractable Ni. The accumulation ability of rice roots was much higher than that of its shoots; however, compared with those reported previously, our brown and polished rice samples contained much higher Ni concentrations, within the ranges of 1.50–4.53 and 2.45–5.54 mg/kg, respectively. On the basis of the provisional tolerable Ni intake for adults recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO), daily consumption of this rice can result in an excessive Ni intake. 相似文献
366.
采用共沉淀-浸渍法制备了固体超强酸SO4^2-/TiO2-SnO2/Ce^4+,并用XRD、SEM等方法对其结构进行了表征。以苯酚的光催化降解为反应模型,确定了最佳的工艺条件和催化剂再生方法。结果表明:在pH值为6,苯酚初始浓度为50mg/L,催化剂投加量4g/L,光照距离12cm,光照时间为150min,降解率达67.73%,添加助催化剂H2O2后,反应60min,苯酚降解率达到86.33%,催化剂的最佳再生方法是先用1mol/L的硫酸浸渍24h后,在450℃下焙烧6h。 相似文献
367.
Shyan-Lung Chung Nan-Lung Lai 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(8):1082-1088
This paper describes an experimental study on the suppression of soot by metal additives during the combustion of polystyrene (PS). A two-dimensional flame generated by using a Wolfhard-Parker type diffusion flame burner was used to simulate practical combustion situations. The PS was continuously fed to the burner and, by controlling the feed rate, the combustion was maintained at a steady state. The additives tested were the salts of Li, Na, K, Mg, Ca, Sr, and Ba, and the combinations of the salts of K and Ca, Sr, or Ba. These additives were added to the flame in the form of small drops of their aqueous solutions generated by an ultrasonic atomizer. Since the flow rate of the carrier gas (air) is very small, this addition causes no noticeable disturbance to the flame. The effectiveness of the alkali metals follows the order of their ease of ionization, i.e., K > Na > Li, and that of the alkaline-earth metals: Ba > Sr > Ca > Mg. At low addition rates, the effectiveness increases with increasing addition rate but becomes unaffected at high addition rates and the maximum percentage of soot suppressed is approximately 50 percent. The combinations of the two metals (i.e., K and Ca, Sr, or Ba) are much more effective than each single metal at the same addition rates and the maximum percentage of soot suppressed reaches approximately 90 percent. It is proposed that the alkaline-earth metals catalyze the ionization of the alkali metals, thus significantly enhancing the effect on soot suppression. 相似文献
368.
Alvin C.K. Lai Tracy L. Thatcher William W. Nazaroff 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(9):1688-1699
ABSTRACT To facilitate routine health risk assessments, we develop the concept of an inhalation transfer factor (ITF). The ITF is defined as the pollutant mass inhaled by an exposed individual per unit pollutant mass emitted from an air pollution source. A cumulative population inhalation transfer factor (PITF) is also defined to describe the total fraction of an emitted pollutant inhaled by all members of the exposed population. In this paper, ITFs and PITFs are calculated for outdoor releases from area, point, and line sources, indoor releases in single zone and multizone indoor environments, and releases within motor vehicles. Typical PITFs for an urban area from emissions outdoors are ~10-6–10-3. PITFs associated with emissions in buildings or in moving vehicles are typically much higher, ~10-3–10-1. 相似文献
369.
Yang Liu Tianjue Hu Zhengping Wu Guangming Zeng Danlian Huang Ying Shen Xiaoxiao He Mingyong Lai Yibin He 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2014,21(24):14004-14013
The biodegradation process of lignin by Penicillium simplicissimum was studied to reveal the lignin biodegradation mechanisms. The biodegradation products of lignin were detected using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), UV–Vis spectrophotometer, different scanning calorimeter (DSC), and stereoscopic microscope. The analysis of FTIR spectrum showed the cleavage of various ether linkages (1,365 and 1,110 cm?1), oxidation, and demethylation (2,847 cm?1) by comparing the different peak values in the corresponding curve of each sample. Moreover, the differences (Tm and ΔHm values) between the DSC curves indirectly verified the FTIR analysis of biodegradation process. In addition, the effects of adding hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to lignin biodegradation process were analyzed, which indicated that H2O2 could accelerate the secretion of the MnP and LiP and improve the enzymes activity. What is more, lignin peroxidase and manganese peroxidase catalyzed the lignin degradation effectively only when H2O2 was presented. 相似文献
370.
Degradation of 3,3′-iminobis-propanenitrile in aqueous solution by Fe0/GAC micro-electrolysis system
The degradation of 3,3′-iminobis-propanenitrile was investigated using the Fe0/GAC micro-electrolysis system. Effects of influent pH value, Fe0/GAC ratio and granular activated carbon (GAC) adsorption on the removal efficiency of the pollutant were studied in the Fe0/GAC micro-electrolysis system. The degradation of 3,3′-iminobis-propanenitrile was affected by influent pH, and a decrease of the influent pH values from 8.0 to 4.0 led to the increase of degradation efficiency. Granular activated carbon was added as cathode to form macroscopic galvanic cells between Fe0 and GAC and enhance the current efficiency of the Fe0/GAC micro-electrolysis system. The GAC could only adsorb the pollutant and provide buffer capacity for the Fe0/GAC micro-electrolysis system, and the macroscopic galvanic cells of the Fe0/GAC micro-electrolysis system played a leading role in degradation of 3,3′-iminobis-propanenitrile. With the analysis of the degradation products with GC–MS, possible reaction pathway for the degradation of 3,3′-iminobis-propanenitrile by the Fe0/GAC micro-electrolysis system was suggested. 相似文献