介孔氮化碳光催化降解诺氟沙星的动力学机制

采用一种简单高效的制备方法,利用SiO₂为模板制备出具有更高催化活性的介孔氮化碳材料（mpg-C₃N₄）,并通过透视电子显微镜（TEM）、X射线衍射（XRD）、氮气吸脱附测试（BET）、傅里叶变换红外光谱（FT-IR）、光电子能谱（XPS）对mpg-C₃N₄的形貌、组成结构进行表征.结果显示,mpg-C₃N₄表面存在大量直径约12nm的孔状结构,与g-C₃N₄相比,比表面积大幅度增大,并因此提供了更多的活性位点从而提高其光催化活性.使用紫外可见漫反射光谱（UV-vis DRS）和荧光光谱（PL）对其光电化学性能进行测试.结果表明介孔材料的引入使得氮化碳的吸收光谱发生红移,并降低了光生电子-空穴对复合率,从而提高对可见光利用效率.通过对诺氟沙星（NOR）的降解与吸附实验研究表明,NOR的光催化降解过程符合一级动力学和Langmuir-Hinshelwood动力学模型,而mpg-C₃N₄对NOR的吸附符合二级动力学,表明NOR的光催化降解主要发生在催化材料的表面且以化学吸附为主.吸附实验表明mpg-C₃N₄在30min内可以吸附56.78%的NOR,降解实验显示,光解1.5h后,超过90%的NOR可被降解.相比体相g-C₃N₄,mpg-C₃N₄表现出良好的吸附性能和光催化性能.pH值影响实验表明pH值约为7.41时达到最佳降解效果,主要归因于药物形态与材料表面电荷作用.淬灭实验表明O₂^·-和h⁺是降解体系中的主要活性物质.     

不同环境条件下聚羟基烷酸(PHAs)薄膜生物降解性研究

采用不同形态的PHAs薄膜（聚β－羟基丁酸（PHB）及β－羟基丁酸与β－羟基戊酸的共聚物（PHBV）膜）,在各种环境（如土壤和水体）的不同条件下,对膜的生物降解性进行了研究,并对其降解机制作了初步探讨。结果表明：PHAs膜具有生物降解性,在无菌条件下不能被降解;在不同的环境中,如不同土壤和水体,PHAs膜的降解情况不同;不同的条件,如pH、温度,对环境中PHAs膜的降解率有着不同的影响;PHB膜的生物降解速度比PHBV膜快;PHAs膜的厚度对其降解能力有很大影响。     

太湖梅梁湾沉积物磷的垂直分布及环保疏浚深度的推算

采集了太湖梅梁湾的柱状沉积物,分析和研究了沉积物中磷的形态、吸附动力学以及潜在的可交换性磷随深度的变化.结果表明,样品中各形态的磷含量随着深度增加总趋势为减小.不同深度的沉积物对磷的吸附过程具有相同的变化趋势,在前3h内,沉积物对磷的吸附速度较大;12h后,基本达到平衡.磷最大吸附量随深度的增加呈上升趋势,到达18cm后趋于平缓.样品中的潜在可交换性磷(qi)的含量为2.48～17.40mmol/kg,其分配系数(Kp)为1.81～51.44m³/kg,随深度的增加,qi和Kp均呈先增加后减小的趋势.根据疏浚后新形成的表层沉积物磷的净释放量(即表征磷释放的潜在可交换性磷与表征吸附的最大吸附量之差)的变化趋势,推算出该区域环境保护疏浚的最小深度为25cm.     

黑土有机碳、氮及其活性对长期施肥的响应

以长期定位试验为基础,研究不同长期施肥模式对中国东北黑土表层(0～20 cm)及亚表层(20～40 cm)土壤碳、氮的影响.结果表明,有机肥的施入显著提高了表层土壤有机碳(SOC)和全氮(TN)含量,其中以有机无机配施处理最为显著.与不施肥相比,常量和高量有机无机配施分别增加了表层SOC含量24.6%和25.1%,分别增加了表层土壤TN含量29.5%和32.8%,亚表层土壤SOC和TN含量对施肥无响应.尽管常量及高量有机无机配施分别增加了黑土0～40 cm土壤碳储量11.6%和7.6%、氮储量17.3%和12.7%,但各处理之间无显著差异,仅增加了黑土碳、氮储量的变异性.与不施肥相比,有机肥的施用不仅显著增加了表层和亚表层土壤微生物生物量碳、氮(SMBC、SMBN)及可溶性碳、氮(DOC、DN)的含量,且显著提高了这些组分在总有机碳、全氮中所占的比例.有机无机配施处理能使表层土壤SMBC/SOC、SMBN/TN值分别提高0.36～0.59和1.21～1.95个百分点,而DOC/SOC、DN/TN也分别达到0.53%～0.72%和1.41%～1.78%.土壤微生物生物量碳氮、可溶性碳氮及其在总有机碳、氮中所占的比例对于施肥的响应在土壤剖面上表现更为敏感,更能反映土壤肥力对于长期施肥的响应.有机肥的施入尤其是有机无机配施能显著提高黑土表层和亚表层土壤有机碳、氮活性,有利于提升土壤肥力和养分供应能力,但同时也导致了农田系统碳、氮的大量损失,容易引起潜在的环境污染.     

枯、平、丰水期长江3条支流表层水中多氯联苯的分布特征及风险评价

采用GC-MS/MS技术对长江3条支流(沱江、藕池河下游和松澧洪道)在不同水期的81个表层水样进行分析.实验发现样品表层水样中PCB8、18和28是优势污染物.∑PCBs在沱江、藕池河下游和松澧洪道3条支流不同水期表层水中的几何均值分别为1.96~2.59 ng ·L^-1、1.84~2.54 ng ·L^-1和1.52~2.38 ng ·L^-1,含量均低于美国EPA连续暴露基准(14 ng ·L^-1).实验结果与国内外相关文献报道值相比较,显示该研究区域表层水中PCBs浓度处于较低水平,癌症风险评价结果表明饮用该区域水摄入PCBs而带来的风险为0.15×10^-7~0.26×10^-7,说明研究区水样中因PCBs污染引起的癌症风险较低.     

Activity maintenance of the excised branches and a case study of NO2 exchange between the atmosphere and P. nigra branches

The efficient maintenance of the activity of excised branches is the powerful guarantee to accurately determine gas exchange flux between the detached branches of tall trees and the atmosphere. In this study, the net photosynthetic rate(NPR) of the excised branches and branches in situ were measured simultaneously by using two photosynthetic instruments to characterize the activity of the excised branches of Phyllostachys nigra. The ratio of normalized NPR of excised branches to NPR in situ was used to assess the photosynthetic activity of detached branches. Based on photosynthetic activity, an optimal hydroponics protocol for maintaining activity of excised P. nigra branches was presented:1/8 times the concentration of Gamborg B5 vitamin mixture with p H = 6. Under the best cultivation protocol, photosynthetic activity of excised P. nigra branches could be maintained more than 90% within 6 hr in the light intensity range of 200–2000 μmol/(m2·sec) and temperature range of 13.4–28.7°C. The nitrogen dioxide(NO2) flux differences between in situ and in vitro branches and the atmosphere were compared using double dynamic chambers.Based on the maintenance method of excised branches, the NO2 exchange flux between the excised P. nigra branches and the atmosphere(from-1.01 to-2.72 nmol/(m2·sec) was basically consistent with between the branches in situ and the atmosphere(from-1.12 to-3.16 nmol/(m2 sec)) within 6 hr. Therefore, this study provided a feasible protocol for in vitro measurement of gas exchange between tall trees and the atmosphere for a period of time.     

Reviews of emission of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) in Asia

Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) in the atmosphere play important roles in the formation of ground-level ozone and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) in global scale and also in regional scale under some condition due to their large amount and relatively higher reactivity. In places with high plant cover in the tropics and in China where air pollution is serious, the effect of BVOCs on ozone and secondary organic aerosols is strong. The present research aims to provide a comprehensive review about the emission rate, emission inventory, research methods, the influencing factors of BVOCs emissions, as well as their impacts on atmospheric environment quality and human health in recent years in Asia based on the summary and analysis of literatures. It is suggested to use field direct measurement method to obtain the emission rate and model method to calculate the emission amount. Several recommendations are given for future investigation and policy development on BVOCs emission.     

裂纹梁损伤识别的一种新型方法

在能量有限元法研究基础上,提出了基于能量密度的结构损伤识别方法。以工程结构基本构件梁为研究对象,以能量密度突变作为损伤识别指标,对损伤结构进行了仿真;在此基础上,对结构损伤中最常见的形式——裂纹进行损伤识别试验。结果表明基于能量密度的损伤识别方法适用于中高频场合,具有对结构微小缺陷敏感、操作简便、精确度高、无需复杂数据处理等优点,有较高的工程应用价值。     

活性炭固定耐冷菌对废水中硝基苯的降解

文章研究了颗粒活性炭固定鲍曼不动杆菌对硝基苯的降解情况。考查了活性炭对硝基苯的吸附等温线,符合Freulndlich经验公式,同时探究了其最佳投加量为5 mg/mL。较单纯微生物降解来说,在温度为15℃,pH为7,摇床转速140 r/min的条件下,生物活性炭降解浓度为200 mg/L的硝基苯所用时间大大缩短,而400 mg/L的硝基苯不能直接被菌株降解,固定化后84 h可基本完全降解,并且由于微生物作用活性炭得到再生。     

电动法修复苯酚污染土壤的实验研究

选用西北地区砂土为供试土壤,苯酚作为实验模拟研究的有机污染物,在电动修复技术的基础上加入超声波,联合降解土壤中的苯酚污染物。结果表明,电动技术修复苯酚污染土壤时,加入超声波有利于苯酚的迁移和富集。含水率的增加可以使苯酚的迁移距离增大,当土壤含水率为16％时,富集量可达到153％。超声波的声强可以使苯酚的迁移幅度增大,最大富集率可达到105％。因此,电动法联合超声波降解苯酚效果显著,具有良好的应用前景。