京杭大运河王江泾断面水质达标综合治理对策

简述了京杭大运河王江泾断面水质及区域水污染现状,指出工业污染、农业面源污染、污水集中处理设施滞后、内源污染是区域水污染的主要因素。提出,对区域水环境综合整治,实现京杭大运河王江泾断面水质稳定达标,必须推进产业结构调整与空间布局优化,推进点源污染整治,推进农业面源污染治理,推进生活污染源整治,推进河道整治,提高环境监管及应急水平。     

Air pollution and hospital visits for acute upper and lower respiratory infections among children in Ningbo,China: A time-series analysis

Acute upper and lower respiratory infections are main causes of mortality and morbidity in children. Air pollution has been recognized as an important contributor to development and exacerbation of respiratory infections. However, few studies are available in China. In this study, we investigated the short-term effect of air pollution on hospital visits for acute upper and lower respiratory infections among children under 15 years in Ningbo, China. Poisson generalized models were used to estimate the associations between air pollution and hospital visits for acute upper and lower respiratory infections adjusted for temporal, seasonal, and meteorological effects. We found that four pollutants (PM_2.5, PM₁₀, NO₂, and SO₂) were significantly associated with hospital visits for acute upper and lower respiratory infections. The effect estimates for acute upper respiratory infections tended to be higher (PM_2.5 ER = 3.46, 95% CI 2.18, 4.76; PM₁₀ ER = 2.81, 95% CI 1.93, 3.69; NO₂ ER = 11.27, 95% CI 8.70, 13.89; SO₂ ER = 15.17, 95% CI 11.29, 19.19). Significant associations for gaseous pollutants (NO₂ and SO₂) were observed after adjustment for particular matter. Stronger associations were observed among older children and in the cold period. Our study suggested that short-term exposure to outdoor air pollution was associated with hospital visits for acute upper and lower respiratory infections in Ningbo.     

酸浸出法回收冶金污泥中的有价金属

采用二次酸浸出的方法回收镍钴湿法冶金工业污泥中的有价金属。先采用水和硫酸作为浸出剂浸出Mg和Na,最佳工艺条件为浸出液的pH 7.5、浸出时间5 min、浸出剂体积与干污泥质量的比(ω)为10 mL/g。再采用硫酸作为浸出剂、焦亚硫酸钠作为还原剂进行二次酸浸,在硫酸与污泥质量比为1.3、焦亚硫酸钠与污泥质量比为0.3、ω为5 mL/g、浸出温度85℃、浸出时间20 min的最佳工艺条件下,Co、Ni、Cu、Mn和Zn的浸出率分别达92.45%、93.48%、89.52%、97.78%和94.79%。经XRD表征,浸出后污泥中未见原污泥中的矿物相,说明原污泥中的矿物几乎全部被溶解。     

化学发光法测定废水中痕量苯酚

本文研究了鲁米诺-H_2O_2(KOH,H_3BO_3)发光体系和苯酚对该体系发光的淬灭作用。发现苯酚浓度处于2.0×10~(-6)—2.0×10~(-4)mol·L~(-1)时,与淬灭后的相对发光强度有线性关系,本法最低检出限为0.2mg·L~(-1)。用于工业废水中苯酚的测定,测定结果满意。     

"十四五"生态质量评价办法应用研究与讨论——以江苏省宜兴市为例

2021年,生态环境部发布了《区域生态质量评价办法（试行）》,明确规定了生态质量评价的指标体系、数据要求和评价方法,适用于县级及以上区域。将江苏省宜兴市作为研究区,综合应用地理信息、卫星遥感与生物多样性数据,依据《区域生态质量评价办法（试行）》,从生态格局、生态功能、生物多样性和生态胁迫等方面开展评价研究。结果表明,该方法具有较强的可行性与适用性,能够更为全面、科学、准确地反映生态质量;2021年,宜兴市生态质量指数（EQI）为62.7,生态质量类别为“二类”。该研究结果可为地方生态环境监测部门开展生态质量评价工作提供参考。     

基于场景缩减法的供水管网抗震可靠性评估∗

供水管网抗震可靠性是在可能地的震烈度下管网的服务水平,目前大多数采用蒙特卡洛模拟产生数量庞大的震损样本进行估计,此方法给大型复杂管网抗震可靠性的评估带来极大工作量和超高时间成本。为了克服这些问题,提出了多爆管压降计算模型,并引入场景缩减方法以提高计算效率。首先,利用多爆管压降模型计算震损场景下节点水压。其次,利用系统聚类中类平均法对震损节点水压进行场景合并和分类。然后利用k‐medoids聚类对每一类选取中心点作为典型场景。最后,通过典型场景确定节点和系统可靠性指数。将某实际管网应用所提算法计算并与传统蒙特卡洛模拟结果进行对比。结果表明,基于线性估计多爆管压降模型是合理的,基于场景缩减法的可靠性评估是可行的,提高典型场景数量可降低评估误差。因此,该算法可在保证结果准确的同时提高计算效率。     

压缩空气泡沫水平管路压力损失数值模拟研究

为厘清压缩空气泡沫水平管道输运压力衰减规律,考虑压缩空气泡沫实际工程运用,利用STAR-CCM软件研究泡沫液种类、混合比和管径对湿泡沫水平管网输运过程中压力衰减的影响规律,并结合理论分析建立压缩空气泡沫水平输运过程中的压力衰减预测模型。研究结果表明：管路压降与泡沫液黏度呈正相关性,在混合液流量270 L/min,气体流量1 750 L/min条件下,相同管径高黏度抗溶性水成膜泡沫(AFFF/AR)压降约为低黏度A类和水成膜泡沫(AFFF)1.3倍;对于相同类型泡沫,混合比对管路压降影响较小,100 m长90 mm管径不同混合比之间最大压降差值约为7.21 kPa;管径对压降影响较大,相同泡沫条件下,50 mm管径压降是80 mm管径压降的约9.4倍,80 mm管径压降是100 mm管径压降的约2.8倍,当管径大于80 mm时,不同泡沫对压降的影响逐步减小。压力衰减预测模型计算的压降值与模拟值较前人开展研究所得实验值误差在18%以内,研究结果可以为压缩空气泡沫水平管网设计提供一定理论参考。     

Land-cover changes in an urban lake watershed in a mega-city, Central China

Urbanization can exert a profound influence on land covers and landscape characteristics. In this study, we characterize the impact of urbanization on land cover and lacustrine landscape and their consequences in a large urban lake watershed, Donghu Lake watershed (the largest urban lake in China), Central China, by using Landsat TM satellite images of three periods of 1987, 1993 and 1999 and ground-based information. We grouped the land covers into six categories: water body, vegetable land, forested land, shrub-grass land, open area and urban land, and calculated patch-related landscape indices to analyze the effects of urbanization on landscape features. We overlaid the land cover maps of the three periods to track the land cover change processes. The results indicated that urban land continuously expanded from 9.1% of the total watershed area in 1987, to 19.4% in 1993, and to 29.6% in 1999. The vegetable land increased from 7.0% in 1987, 11.9% in 1993, to 13.9% in 1999 to sustain the demands of vegetable for increased urban population. Concurrently, continuous reduction of other land cover types occurred between 1987 and 1999: water body decreased from 30.4% to 23.8%, and forested land from 33.6% to 24.3%. We found that the expansion of urban land has at least in part caused a decrease in relatively wild habitats, such as urban forest and lake water area. These alterations had resulted in significant negative environmental consequences, including decline of lakes, deterioration of water and air quality, and loss of biodiversity.     

Adsorption of fulvic acid by carbon nanotubes from water

This study investigated adsorption of fulvic acid (FA) by single-walled (SWCNT) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) and activated carbon. Adsorption of FA depends greatly on the adsorbent surface area and solution pH. SWCNT has higher adsorption than MWCNT and activated carbon. Lower E4/E6 (absorbance at 465 nm to that at 665 nm) and higher E2/E3 (absorbance at 250 nm to that at 365 nm) ratios of the residual FA in solution after adsorption than that of original FA in low pH ranges suggest that aromatic rich FA fractions with polar moieties readily adsorb on the adsorbents. The apparent interaction mechanisms between FA and CNT surfaces include electrostatic, hydrophobic, π-π and hydrogen-bond interactions. FA adsorption was reduced greatly with increasing pH because of the increase of electrostatic repulsion and the decrease of hydrophobic and hydrogen-bond interactions.     

淮河流域一次致洪大暴雨的中尺度特征分析

利用淮河流域内稠密的区域自动站资料、多普勒天气雷达组网资料、风云二号卫星双星观测资料及LAPS中尺度分析资料,对2007年7月8日淮河流域大暴雨过程的中尺度特征进行了综合分析,得出了一些有意义的结果.(1)这次降雨过程集中在淮河干流,呈现出强降水区稳定少动,高雨强出现频度大的特点,时空分布有利于形成大洪水,是一次典型的致洪大暴雨过程.(2)暴雨区与中低层的中尺度辐合扰动的形成、发展与移动密切相关,同时伴随着中尺度云团、雨团的强烈发展.中尺度雨带具有准静止性,且强度很强,这是此次暴雨过程的一个突出特点.(3)强降雨主要是在α尺度云带上不断生消发展的β中尺度云团,甚至更小的y中尺度云团的生消合并造成的.它们大多生消于32～34°N、114～118°E范围内,β中尺度对流云团的生消、演变和移动与中β尺度雨团的强度和位置有较好的对应关系,强降水发生在中尺度对流云团合并发展和增强阶段.(4)暴雨区具有低层辐合高层辐散、高湿、正涡度和强烈上升运动的特征,它们加强中低层的动力抬升,促使斜压不稳定能量释放,引起垂直涡度的发展,产生很强的降水.强降雨发生时,对流层中层的比湿快速加大,而云中液态水则表现为骤然减小.