Response of community composition and biomass of submerged macrophytes to variation in underwater light, wind and trophic status in a large eutrophic shallow lake

Light climate is of key importance for the growth, community composition of submerged macrophytes in lakes and, they, in turn, are affected by lake depth and the degree of eutrophication. To test the relationships between submerged macrophyte presence and the ratio of Secchi disk depth (SDD) to water depth, i.e. SDD/depth, nutrients and wind, we conducted an extensive sampling campaign in a macrophyte-dominated area of the eastern region (n = 36) in 2016 in Lake Taihu, China, and combined the data gathered with results from extensive physico-chemical monitoring data from the entire lake. We confirmed that SDD/Depth is the primary factor controlling the community composition of macrophytes and showed that plant abundance increased with increasing SDD/Depth ratio (p < 0.01), but that only SDD/Depth > 0.4 ensured growth of submerged macrophytes. Total phosphorus and total nitrogen also influenced the growth and community composition of macrophytes (p < 0.01), while Chla was an indirectly affecting factor by reducing underwater light penetration. Wave height significantly influenced plant abundance (p < 0.01), whereas it had little effect on the biomass (p > 0.05). The key to restore the macrophyte beds in the lake is to reduce the nutrient loading. A decrease of the water level may contribute as well in the shallow bays but will not bring plants back in the main part of the lake. As the tolerance of shade and nutrients varied among the species studied, this should be taken into account in the restoration of lakes by addition of plants.     

SBR工艺短程硝化快速启动条件的优化

以低COD/TN的实际生活污水为研究对象,采用SBR反应器,对短程硝化的启动条件进行了优化.结果表明,温度30℃、溶解氧(DO) 2.0mg/L、污泥龄为7d时,系统在实时控制条件下运行32周期,可以成功启动短程硝化.在总氮(TN)去除率>95%的情况下,亚硝酸盐积累率(NO2--N /NOx--N)>90%,随后的64d,温度恢复到常温(20~24℃),系统仍稳定运行.荧光原位杂交技术(FISH)检测表明,经过32个周期种群优化,污泥中氨氧化菌(AOB)的含量提高了38.9%,亚硝酸盐氧化菌(NOB)的含量降低了53.2%.在线动态控制DO浓度和曝气时间可以逐渐淘汰系统中的NOB,从而获得稳定的短程硝化,提高系统脱氮效率.     

在 UASB 反应器中颗粒污泥的培养与应用研究

七十年代以来,世界各国出现了一批高速废水厌氧处理工艺,其中上流式厌氧污泥床(简称UASB)反应器是应用最广泛的装置之一。由于在UASB反应器中污泥的沉降性能不仅影响反应器结构,而且直接决定了反应器能否高负荷、高效率地运行,因此近几年来国内外一些学者都开始对具有优良沉降性能和高活性的颗粒污泥进行研究,但在我国,目前几乎所有的生产性UASB装置内污泥都是絮状的,处理负荷和效率都较低,本文研究了在UASB反应器中污泥颗粒化的条件和培养技术,并在此基础上对有关颗粒污泥实用性等方面的问题也进行了一定的探讨。     

The occurrence of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in fluoropolymer raw materials and products made in China

Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), its salts, and related compounds were listed as new persistent organic pollutants by the Stockholm Convention in 2019. In this study, the occurrence of residues of PFOA and other per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in raw materials and fluoropolymer products from the Chinese fluoropolymer industries are reported for the first time. The PFOA concentrations in raw materials and fluoropolymer products were in the range of 6.7 to 1.1 × 10⁶ ng/g, and <MDL (method detection limit) to 5.3 × 10³ ng/g, respectively. Generally, the levels of PFOA in raw materials were higher than in products, implying that PFOA in the emulsion/dispersion resin could be partly removed during the polymerization or post-processing steps. By tracking a company's polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) production line, it was found that over a 5 year period, the residual levels of PFOA in emulsion samples declined from 1.1 × 10⁶ to 28.4 ng/g, indicating that the contamination of PFOA in fluoropolymer products from production source gradually decreased after its use had been discontinued. High concentrations of HFPO-TrA (2.7 × 10⁵ to 8.2 × 10⁵ ng/g) were detected in some emulsion samples indicating this alternative has been widely applied in fluoropolymer manufacturing in China.     

Non-UV germicidal activity of fresh TiO2 and Ag/TiO2

Fresh TiO2 was found to possess a strong germicidal activity even without UV irradiation. Live Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) cells in contact with fresh TiO2 were found deformed and dead after 15 min contact. The cause of germicidal activity was discussed from the observed cell deformation, lysis and increased absorption at 1680 cm-1 in FT-IR spectra of the affected cells, which proved the oxidizing effect of fresh TiO2 to cells. The deformation caused by the stretching of cell wall and pressure built-up inside the cell, led to cell burst and release of intracellular materials. The degree of cell deformation was found positively related with the wetting property of TiO2. Cells are negatively charged, for Gram-negative cell (thinner cell wall), a higher germicidal effect was observed than Gram-positive cells. The germicidal effect of TiO2 gradually decreases after exposure to air at room temperature, as the wetting property decreases. This kind of germicidal activity was more effective compared to other germicidal process such as UVA/TiO2 or Ag+. This shed light on designing new germicidal material either maintained by visible light irradiation, or by oxidation effect generated by reactive oxygen species.     

基于半分析方法的内陆湖泊水体总悬浮物浓度遥感估算研究

根据生物光学原理,通过对总悬浮物吸收占水体总吸收比例光谱的分析,确定适宜总悬浮物浓度反演的波段范围;结合以往学者对太湖等水体固有光学特性的研究成果,运用最小二乘法,确定生物光学模型的相关参数,建立了浑浊湖泊水体总悬浮物浓度的单波段估算模型.结果表明,在短波波段,总悬浮物的吸收占水体总吸收的比例较高,出现光饱和现象,不适...     

光磁耦合污水处理装置的设计及运行效果分析

基于光催化技术和磁场能够改善污水处理效果的性质,开发了一种光磁耦合污水处理装置。紫外线强度分布的设计计算采用多点源叠加近似辐射模型;磁感应强度的产生选用亥姆霍兹线圈,并采用MATLAB对反应器的磁场进行了磁场强度分布的可视化模拟;采用流体力学软件CFD对装置内流场进行了数值模拟。结果表明,灯管之间的反应器壁附近区域的紫外线强度最小,而在3根紫外灯管间的区域紫外线强度较强且相对均匀;亥姆霍兹线圈内部磁场可近似作为匀强磁场;在该装置反应区存在循环流,有利于提高光磁耦合反应速率。对反应器效果进行验证表明,该反应器对污水的脱色率和COD去除率均较高,磁性光催化剂回收率达到97%以上;光磁耦合法废水处理效果明显高于磁场和光催化作用单独处理效果。     

原位投菌技术修复微污染水源水的中试研究

针对水源水库的氮源污染和有机物污染问题,研究了原位投菌技术对微污染水源水的修复效果。实验在中试反应器中进行,所投加菌剂为贫营养好氧反硝化细菌。实验结果表明,在菌剂投加量为0.1 mg/L,溶解氧质量浓度为5～8 mg/L,水温为16～25℃的条件下,系统对水中主要污染物NO3--N、TN和CODMn均有较好的去除效果,质量浓度分别从1.68、2.25、5.50 mg/L降至最低值0.75、0.95、3.03 mg/L,最大去除率分别可达到57.5%、57.7%和44.9%。系统对水中氮源污染和有机物的去除效果均能够满足《地表水环境质量标准》中的Ⅲ类标准,实验结果表明,将原位投菌技术应用于微污染水源水体的水质改善是可行的。同时还探讨了贫营养好氧反硝化细菌的作用机理。     

哈尔滨市采暖与非采暖期大气颗粒物污染特性研究

为了研究采暖对哈尔滨市大气颗粒物环境特征的影响,分别在采暖前、采暖期和采暖后采集TSP、PM10和PM2.5.分析了3种粒径颗粒物在采暖期和非采暖期的浓度变化特征以及粒径分布特征,并做了颗粒物的化学成分分析,包括20种无机元素和两种碳成分.结果表明:TSP和PM10在12月、1月、3月和4月均超标,而在非采暖期均达到国...     

改性火山岩滤料去除矿井水中铁锰离子影响因素研究

以改性火山岩滤料作为除铁除锰的滤料,通过对模拟矿井水的过滤试验,研究了滤速、pH值、滤层厚度及铁锰离子浓度对其除铁除锰效率的影响。结果表明：改性火山岩滤料能实现模拟矿井水中Mn²⁺的100%去除,效果明显优于未改性火山岩;最为合理的过滤滤速为7～8 m/h;除铁除锰的过程主要发生在滤层厚度为90 cm的上部滤层中;随着铁锰浓度的升高,改性火山岩滤料除铁的效率变化很小,除锰效率呈快速、线性降低;中性或偏碱性的环境有利于改性火山岩滤料充分发挥高效吸附去除能力。