二氧化钛纳米颗粒对湖滨沼泽土壤氮矿化的影响

二氧化钛纳米颗粒（TiO₂NPs）的广泛应用使其环境释放量不断增加,从而影响到土壤氮的转化过程.然而,目前关于TiO₂NPs对湖滨沼泽土壤氮矿化的影响机制尚不明确.因此,本研究以典型沼泽土壤为研究对象,通过室内培养实验研究不同剂量TiO₂NPs处理（0 mg·kg^-1（CK）、10 mg·kg^-1（A10）、100 mg·kg^-1（A100）、250 mg·kg^-1（A250）、1000 mg·kg^-1（A1000））对土壤理化性质、酶活性和氮矿化过程的影响,探讨TiO₂NPs输入对土壤氮矿化过程影响的内在机制.结果表明：①不同剂量TiO₂NPs处理显著降低了土壤pH和总有机碳（TOC）含量（p<0.05）,A100、A250和A1000处理显著降低了硝态氮（NO₃^--N）含量（p<0.05）.②A250和A1000处理显著抑制了过氧化氢酶活性（p<0.05）;培养7 d,不同剂量TiO₂NPs处理均显著促进了脲酶活性（p<0.05）,抑制了脱氢酶活性（p<0.05）;随着培养时间延长,TiO₂NPs处理对脲酶和脱氢酶活性的抑制作用逐渐减弱,表明TiO₂NPs的负面作用会随时间减弱.③不同剂量TiO₂NPs处理对氨化速率没有显著影响（p>0.05）,A250、A1000处理对硝化和矿化速率有显著抑制作用（p<0.01）.④土壤氮矿化速率与土壤pH、总磷（TP）、NO₃^--N含量呈显著正相关,与脲酶、过氧化氢酶活性呈显著负相关.TiO₂NPs主要通过改变沼泽土壤NO₃^--N含量影响氮矿化过程.本研究可为湖滨湿地保护和TiO₂NPs环境风险评估提供理论依据.     

大型运输机水上迫降动力学分析及模型验证

目的 完善大型运输机水上迫降分析方法,提高分析精度。方法 以有限元和SPH方法为基础,开展大型运输机水上迫降动力学仿真。基于冯.卡门经典入水冲击理论,构造大型运输机机身底部吸力模型,提出基于工程修正的水上迫降动响应分析方法,并通过试验验证。结果 通过分析得出,飞机接水后,机头迅速上扬,俯仰角达到峰值后,机头向下运动,俯仰角逐渐减小,分析得到的飞机姿态变化与试验的变化趋势基本一致。结论 水上迫降模型试验表明,分析误差能够满足工程设计要求。     

基于稳定碳同位素技术的干旱区绿洲土壤有机碳向无机碳的转移

应用稳定碳同位素技术测定土壤无机碳稳定碳同位素组成(soil inorganic carbonδ13C,SICδ13C),并对干旱区绿洲土壤无机碳进行区分,结合土壤有机碳(soil organic carbon,SOC)与SIC含量关系进一步探讨SOC向SIC转移的碳量.结果表明,4种类型土壤SICδ13C值差异性极显著(P0.01),风沙土SICδ13C值最高且为正,均值为(0.32±0.04)‰,随土层深度增加而增加,说明风沙土原生性碳酸盐占绝对优势;灌漠土、棕漠土和盐碱土SIC的δ13C均值分别(-0.30±0.24)‰、(-1.96±0.66)‰和(-1.24±0.49)‰,随土层变化均呈先降低后逐渐增大的趋势,说明灌漠土原生性碳酸盐占优势,棕漠土和盐碱土发生性碳酸盐相对前者占优势.风沙土、灌漠土、棕漠土和盐碱土的发生性碳酸盐占SIC比例均值分别为1.33%、4.72%、15.01%、35.71%,均小于50%,说明干旱区绿洲土壤发生性碳酸盐比例总体水平较低.风沙土、灌漠土、棕漠土和盐碱土在土壤发生性碳酸盐形成或重结晶过程中固定土壤CO2的量分别为0.30、2.44、4.96、12.40 g·kg~(-1),其中固定来自大气CO2量平均为0.18、0.79、1.45、8.67 g·kg~(-1),来自SOC氧化分解转化为CO2的量分别为0.06、0.83、1.62、1.86g·kg~(-1),说明盐碱土、棕漠土SOC的贡献相对较高,灌漠土、风沙土较低;对土壤固定CO2量的来源比较发现,风沙土、盐碱土固定土壤CO2的量来自大气CO2量较高,SOC的贡献较低,而灌漠土、棕漠土固定来自SOC氧化分解CO2的量较高,大气贡献较低.研究区整体SOC向SIC的碳转移量介于0.03~2.38 g·kg~(-1)之间,平均每千克土壤固定1.09 g的CO2,说明干旱区绿洲土壤发生性碳酸盐所占比例较低,SOC的贡献较少.     

合肥市典型交通干道大气苯系物的特征分析

为研究合肥市交通干道大气苯系物污染状况,采用自主研制的差分吸收光谱(DOAS)系统,于2016年3月期间对合肥市交通主干道大气苯系物(苯、甲苯、间二甲苯和邻二甲苯)以及常规污染物NO_2、SO_2等进行了连续观测.观测结果显示,观测期间苯、甲苯、间二甲苯和邻二甲苯的平均浓度分别为:21.7、63.6、33.9和98.7μg·m~(-3).与国内外其它城市比较显示,合肥市交通干道大气苯和甲苯的污染处于中等水平,二甲苯的污染较为严重.结合观测期的间风速风向、T/B特征比值以及与CO等污染物的相关性,对上述苯系物来源进行了分析,结果显示观测期间T/B值为0.8~4.5,苯、甲苯与CO的相关性系数R分别为0.55和0.34.表明机动车尾气排放是观测区域苯和甲苯的主要排放源之一,同时也受到周边工业园区排放的影响,二甲苯的主要排放源为观测地点北偏东方向的涂料行业工业园区.苯和甲苯的夜间高浓度峰值分析结果表明,夜间的高浓度苯和甲苯可能主要来源于观测地点周边工业园区的排放.观测区域苯系物的臭氧生成潜势(OFP)表现为邻二甲苯间二甲苯甲苯苯,其中二甲苯的OFP占总OFP的85%,表明周边工业园区的排放对该地区臭氧生成的贡献较大.     

PFOS前体物质(PreFOSs)降解菌的分离鉴定及其降解特性

从氟化工厂附近土壤中分离出1株能以全氟辛烷磺酸前体物质(Pre FOSs)为唯一碳源和能源生长的降解菌PF1,经形态观察及16S r DNA基因序列分析,初步鉴定该菌为生丝微菌属(Hyphomicrobium sp.).在温度为30℃、p H为7.0~7.2条件下,菌株PF1对全氟辛基磺酰胺(PFOSA)和N-乙基全氟辛基磺酰胺(N-Et FOSA)48 h降解率分别为14.6%和8.2%,对PFOS无降解能力.对降解产物进行检测和分析,结果表明PFOSA的降解产物为PFOS;N-Et FOSA能被降解生成PFOSA和PFOS,同时也产生少量的全氟辛基磺酰胺乙酸(FOSAA).由此推断Pre FOSs降解途径,在菌株PF1的作用下,PFOSA脱去氨基直接转化成PFOS.NEt FOSA主要有2种降解途径:(1)N-Et FOSA脱乙基产生PFOSA,PFOSA再进一步脱氨基生成PFOS,此为主要途径;(2)NEt FOSA中的N-乙基被氧化成乙酸基生成FOSAA,FOSAA进一步脱去乙酸基生成PFOSA,并最终脱氨基生成PFOS.     

塔里木盆地北缘绿洲不同连作年限棉田土壤有机碳、无机碳含量与环境因子的相关性

农田土壤碳库是土壤碳库的重要组成部分,易受人类活动调节且固碳减排潜力巨大,研究土壤有机碳、无机碳含量特征及其与环境因子的关系有助于深入理解土壤生态过程,为全球碳收支平衡研究提供理论支持.本文以塔里木盆地北缘绿洲为靶区,分析土壤碳库特征,结合冗余分析、通径分析,探究土壤有机碳、无机碳含量及其与环境因子的相关关系.结果表明:(1)同一土层不同连作年限棉田土壤有机碳、无机碳含量存在显著差异(P0.05),随连作年限增加,有机碳含量呈先增加后减少趋势,而无机碳含量呈先减少后增加趋势;同一连作年限棉田不同土层土壤有机碳、无机碳含量存在显著差异(P0.05),有机碳含量均在0~20 cm层达到最大值,而无机碳含量均在20~50 cm层达到最大值.(2)通过冗余分析得出环境因子对土壤碳库特征影响的重要性排序为:磷酸酶活性p H值蔗糖酶活性过氧化氢酶活性全氮速效磷速效钾土壤含水量脲酶活性电导率;磷酸酶活性、p H值、蔗糖酶活性、过氧化氢酶活性、全氮、速效磷、速效钾与土壤有机碳、无机碳含量呈极显著相关关系(P0.01);土壤含水量、脲酶活性与土壤有机碳、无机碳含量表现为显著相关(P0.05).(3)通径分析表明,速效钾对有机碳含量直接作用显著,是影响有机碳含量的主要因素,而脲酶活性对无机碳含量直接作用显著,是影响无机碳含量的主要因素.干旱半干旱区土壤有机碳、无机碳含量研究是评价农田生态系统土壤碳的"源/汇"效应的基础数据,对研究全球碳收支平衡和陆地碳循环机制具有重要意义.     

Molecular characterization of effluent organic matter in secondary effluent and reclaimed water: Comparison to natural organic matter in source water

Municipal wastewater reclamation is becoming of increasing importance in the world to solve the problem of water scarcity. A better understanding of the molecular composition of effluent organic matter(Ef OM) in the treated effluents of municipal wastewater treatment plants(WWTPs) is crucial for ensuring the safety of water reuse. In this study, the molecular composition of Ef OM in the secondary effluent of a WWTP in Beijing and the reclaimed water further treated with a coagulation–sedimentation–ozonation process were characterized using a non-target Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry(FT-ICR MS) method and compared to that of natural organic matter(NOM) in the local source water from a reservoir. It was found that the molecular composition of Ef OM in the secondary effluent and reclaimed water was dominated by CHOS formulas, while NOM in the source water was dominated by CHO formulas. The CHO formulas of the three samples had similar origins. Anthropogenic surfactants were responsible for the CHOS formulas in Ef OM of the secondary effluent and were not well removed by the coagulation-sedimentation-ozonation treatment process adopted.     

基于多智能体和土地转换模型的耕地撂荒模拟研究——以陕西省米脂县为例

多模型耦合已经成为国内外模拟LUCC有效途径之一。论文通过如下步骤阐明宏观耕地撂荒格局和微观主体行为间的互动机理。首先,将微观主体间的相互作用纳入其决策,构建有限理性多智能体决策模型（Multi-Agent System,MAS）;其次,通过SNNS平台的训练学习以及与历史数据对比分析,验证土地转换模型（Land Transformation Model,LTM）模拟研究区宏观撂荒格局的有效性;最后,依据多模型耦合机理,耦合MAS模型与LTM模型,形成耕地撂荒模拟模型（Cropland Abandonment Simulation Model,CASM）,并基于研究区耕地撂荒的实际数据,探讨模型的合理性和可行性。结果表明：与2013年历史土地利用数据对比,CASM模型的PCM（Percent Correct Metric）系数为71%,比单独利用LTM模型的模拟精度提高3%,不仅表明CASM能够较好地模拟分析米脂县耕地撂荒空间格局分布,而且可有效揭示宏观耕地撂荒格局的微观驱动机理;同时,文章指出未来研究中要考虑政策和市场的影响,进一步完善不同层次主体决策对撂荒的影响,以此来提高模型对现实耕地撂荒的解释力。     

Long-term observations of tropospheric NO2, SO2 and HCHO by MAX-DOAS in Yangtze River Delta area, China

Yangtze River Delta(YRD) area is one of the important economic zones in China. However,this area faces increasing environmental problems. In this study, we use ground-based multi-axis differential optical absorption spectroscopy(MAX-DOAS) network in Eastern China to retrieve variations of NO_2, SO_2, and formaldehyde(HCHO) in the YRD area. Three cities of YRD(Hefei, Nanjing, and Shanghai) were selected for long-term observations. This paper presents technical performance and characteristics of instruments, their distribution in YRD, and results of vertical column densities(VCDs) and profiles of NO_2, SO_2, and HCHO.Average diurnal variations of tropospheric NO_2 and SO_2 in different seasons over the three stations yielded minimum values at noon or in the early afternoon, whereas tropospheric HCHO reached the maximum during midday hours. Slight reduction of the pollutants in weekends occurred in all the three sites. In general trace gas concentrations gradually reduced from Shanghai to Hefei. Tropospheric VCDs of NO_2, SO_2, and HCHO were compared with those from Ozone Monitoring Instrument(OMI) satellite observations, resulting in R~2 of 0.606, 0.5432, and 0.5566, respectively. According to analysis of regional transports of pollutants, pollution process happened in YRD under the north wind with the pollution dissipating in the southeast wind. The feature is significant in exploring transport of tropospheric trace gas pollution in YRD, and provides basis for satellite and model validation.     

Characterization particulate matter from several Chinese cooking dishes and implications in health effects

Cooking fume produced by oil and food at a high temperature releases large amount of fine particulate matter(PM) which have a potential hazard to human health. This chamber study investigated particle emission characteristics originated from using four types of oil(soybean oil, olive oil, peanut oil and lard) and different kinds of food materials(meat and vegetable). The corresponding emission factors(EFs) of number, mass, surface area and volume for particles were discussed. Temporal variation of size-fractionated particle concentration showed that olive oil produced the highest number PM concentration for the entire cooking process. Multiple path particle dosimetry(MPPD) model was performed to predict deposition in the human respiratory tract. Results showed that the pulmonary airway deposition fraction was the largest. It was also found that particles produced from olive oil led to the highest deposition. We strongly recommend minimizing the moisture content of ingredients before cooking and giving priority to the use of peanut oil instead of olive oil to reduce human exposure to PM.