Dissolution of zinc oxide nanoparticles in exposure media of algae,daphnia, and fish embryos for nanotoxicological testing

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are being widely investigated in a bioassay due to potential negative effects to biological receptor. The dissolution of metal nanoparticles such as ZnO NPs is crucial to interpret nanotoxicity results because ZnO NPs can release toxic-free ions in exposure media. In the present study, dissolution of ZnO NPs was evaluated in three selected synthetic media for aquatic toxicological testing: Elendt M4 daphnia medium, OECD algal medium, and fish embryo rearing solution. Both media are currently recommended for OECD testing for daphnia and algae. Time-dependent dissolution of ZnO NPs has been investigated in terms of sonication time to be used for the preparation of aqueous NPs suspension, and dissolution time corresponding to exposure period in toxicity testing. Since sonication is widely applied for NPs dispersion in the most of nanotoxicological testing, the emphasis of this study was on the dissolution of NPs as a function of sonication time. We also investigated the concentration-dependent dissolution of ZnO NPs. Our results demonstrated that dissolution of ZnO NPs was significantly affected by sonication and dissolution time, as well as NPs concentration. This study showed that parameters affecting dissolution of ZnO NPs should be considered in nanotoxicological testing.     

Mycelial culture of wild Inonotus hispidus parasitizing the jujube tree and the cultivation conditions of its fruit body on rice medium北大核心CSCD

Inonotus hispidus is a kind of rare medicinal fungus, and its natural resources are very scarce. Currently, the artificial cultivation technology of I. hispidus is not completely developed, and this reflects on its extremely low biological conversion rate and long cultivation period. In order to improve the bioconversion rate and shorten the production cycle of I. hispidus, we first analyzed the mycelia culture conditions of the collected I. hispidus, and then we further explore the method of domesticated cultivation of its fruiting body in rice medium. During the process of mycelial culture, the suitable temperature, pH, carbon source, and nitrogen source for mycelial growth were selected using the mycelial growth rate as index. During the domesticated cultivation of the fruiting body, the suitable culture medium for its growth was selected using the bioconversion rate as index. Screening results of mycelial culture conditions showed that the optimal culture conditions for the growth of mycelium of the wild I. hispidus were: temperature of 25 °C, initial pH of 6.0, glucose as the carbon source, and yeast extract powder as the source of nitrogen. The results of the domesticated cultivation showed that the biotransformation rate of I. hispidus was higher when using rice as the main medium substrate. The optimal cultivation conditions were: a 0.2% yeast extract content in the nutrient solution, a 1:1.6 ratio of rice to nutrient solution, and a 4 mL inoculum of the liquid strain. Under these conditions, it took about 4 days for the mycelium to grow over the cultivation medium. The time required for the differentiation of the primordium to form fruit bodies was about 20 days, and the bioconversion rate reached 28.70% ± 5.05%. The results of this study indicate the feasibility of using rice as the main substrate for the cultivation of I. hispidus, and it also provide new insights for the finding of new cultivation substrates for other rare medicinal fungi. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

Effects of water velocity on bulk water quality and biofilm population structure in drinking water distribution systems北大核心CSCD

To study the effect of flow velocity on drinking water distribution systems, bulk water quality was monitored over 28 days, biomass was measured, and 16S rDNA was sequenced on the 28th day using a water distribution simulation system. The relationship between bulk water quality and biofilm was statistically analyzed. Flow velocity of 0.5 m/s yielded the most total organic carbon (TOC) (5.26 ± 0.17 mg/L) in the bulk water, the most bulk water bacteria (lg (n+1/mL-1) = 4.79 ± 0.02), the worst bulk water quality, and the most biofilm bacteria (lg (n+1/cm-2) = 5.48 ± 0.06). A Pearson correlation analysis showed the total number of biofilm bacteria was positively correlated with conductivity (R = 0.73, P < 0.01), turbidity (R = 0.87, P < 0.001), TOC (R = 0.94, P < 0.001), and total bacteria (R = 0.92, P < 0.001), and was negatively correlated with residual chlorine (R = -0.68, P < 0.05). Biofilm diversity was high under the low (0.1 m/s) and high (2.5 m/s) flow rates, but the bacterial diversity of biofilm was the lowest at the 0.5 m/s flow rate, in which Proteobacteria dominated the biofilm community structure. These results suggest that flow velocity affects bulk water quality and biofilm population structure, and water quality and biofilm population structure are interrelated, which provides the theoretical basis for research on biofilms in drinking water distribution systems. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

3种氨基糖苷类抗生素对水生生物的时间依赖联合毒性作用比较

以3种氨基糖苷类(AG)抗生素:硫酸安普霉素(APR)、双氢链霉素(DIH)和硫酸链霉素(STS)为研究对象,以生态系统中2类重要的水生生物分解者如青海弧菌(Vibrio qinghaiensis sp.-Q67,Q67)和生产者蛋白核小球藻(Chlorella pyrenoidosa,CP)为受试生物,运用均匀设计射线法设计抗生素三元混合物体系,共5条具有不同浓度配比的射线,应用已建立的分别基于Q67和CP的时间毒性微板分析法系统测试抗生素及其三元混合物射线对Q67和CP在不同暴露时间的毒性。对于Q67和CP,暴露时间分别为0.25、2、4、8、12 h和12、24、48、72、96 h。应用浓度加和(CA)模型分析混合物在不同暴露时间的毒性相互作用。结果表明:APR、DIH和STS及其5条混合物射线对2种指示生物的毒性均具有明显的时间依赖性,且Q67对AG抗生素及其混合物射线的响应比CP的灵敏;以半数效应浓度的负对数p EC50值为毒性大小指标,3种抗生素对2种指示生物的毒性大小顺序随暴露时间的变化而变化,3种AG抗生素对Q67和CP分别在12 h和96 h的毒性大小顺序均为STSDIHAPR;5条具有不同浓度配比的混合物射线对Q67在不同暴露时间的毒性均呈加和作用,但对CP的毒性既有加和作用也有拮抗作用,且拮抗作用随暴露时间和组分浓度配比的变化而变化,表明AG抗生素毒性的联合毒性作用与暴露生物、暴露时间以及混合物组分的浓度配比等有关。     

我国地表水中磷酸三苯酯的多层次生态风险评估

磷酸三苯酯(triphenyl phosphate,TPP)在电缆材料、塑料制品中被大量使用,是地表水中检出频率最高的有机磷酸酯类阻燃剂之一,近年来受到广泛关注。本文通过文献检索TPP的地表水环境暴露浓度以及对水生生物的毒性效应浓度,利用风险商(hazard quotient,HQ)和概率生态风险评价法(probabilistic ecological risk assessments,PERA)对我国主要地表水中的TPP进行多层次生态风险评价。结果显示,TPP在我国地表水中的浓度为0.2～96.3 ng·L~(-1),以生存为测试终点的急性毒性数据推导出的预测无效应浓度(predicted no effect concentration,PNEC)为36.49μg·L~(-1),而以繁殖、发育和生长等为测试终点的慢性毒性数据推导出的PNEC值为1.30μg·L~(-1)。基于急、慢性毒性数据计算的风险商均小于0.1。我国地表水中TPP对0.1%到1%的水生生物造成繁殖、发育和生长等慢性毒性影响的概率分别为1.40%和0.04%,存在较低的潜在生态风险。     

微波辅助法制备荧光氮化碳纳米材料及其在游离氯检测中的应用

在220 ℃下借助微波辅助溶剂热法,利用柠檬酸和三聚氰胺制备荧光氮化碳纳米材料(CNNPs),通过多种分析技术表征了制备的CNNPs.基于游离氯能快速猝灭CNNPs的荧光,将CNNPs做为荧光探针用于游离氯的定量测定,其荧光猝灭速度小于1 min;选择性响应实验和干扰实验表明该测定方法具有较好的灵敏度和选择性,游离氯的线性响应范围为0-80μmol·L-1,检测限低至0.22 μmol·L-1.该方法适用于实际水样中游离氯的检测.     

围垦养殖对中国典型滨海湿地土壤真菌多样性及群落结构影响

本研究以我国黄河口碱蓬湿地、九龙江口桐花树湿地、东寨港木榄湿地为研究样地,借助高通量测序技术探究这3个典型滨海湿地围垦养殖前、后土壤真菌多样性及群落结构的变化.结果表明：①不同地域湿地围垦养殖对土壤真菌群落多样性及丰富度影响表现不一致.九龙江口桐花树湿地围垦后,土壤真菌多样性及丰富度有所下降;黄河口碱蓬湿地和东寨港木榄湿地围垦后土壤真菌多样性及丰富度显著增加;②子囊菌门（Ascomycota）在湿地围垦养殖前、后土壤中均为优势真菌门,但其相对丰度在围垦后显著下降;③湿地围垦养殖改变了土壤真菌属水平群落组成,黄河口湿地围垦后,未出现翅孢壳属（Emericellopsis）、毛霉属（Mucor）、枝顶孢属（Acremonium）;九龙江口和东寨港湿地围垦后,青霉属（Penicillium）相对丰度显著下降,并新增了镰刀菌属（Fusarium）,九龙江口湿地围垦后还新增了链格孢属（Alternaria）;④环境因子与湿地土壤真菌相对丰度存在一定程度的相关性,青霉属（Penicillium）与容重呈显著负相关（p<0.05）,与pH呈显著负相关（p<0.01）,与有机碳呈显著正相关（p<0.01）;翅孢壳属（Emericellopsis）与容重和pH呈显著正相关（p<0.05）,与有机碳呈显著负相关（p<0.01）.     

基于小波分解及遗传BPNN耦合模型的地表水As浓度预测研究

随着工业的快速发展,水体中污染物超标事件时有发生,造成了较严重的水环境污染问题.水环境监测与预报是环境科学研究的重要内容.为了实现地表水砷（As）污染的准确预报,本研究提出小波分解、遗传算法与BP人工神经网络的耦合建模方法,并结合某河流监测站1998—2016年共19年的地表水质监测数据,通过皮尔逊相关系数和信息指标评价法对模型输入变量进行筛选,最后对比分析了在不同水质参数输入情况下BP人工神经网络（BPNN）、遗传算法改进的BPNN（GABP）、小波-遗传BPNN耦合模型（W-GABP）对后6年（2011—2016年） As浓度预测结果的均方根误差（RMSE）、决定系数（R²）、平均绝对百分比误差（MAPE）,以确立最优模型.结果表明：①多水质参数BPNN、GABP与W-GABP耦合模型预测结果的MAPE分别为17.51%、15.98%、14.46%,单水质参数BPNN、GABP与W-GABP耦合模型预测结果的MAPE分别为18.78%、16.74%、7.83%;②小波分解数据前处理及遗传算法均能较大程度地提高预测模型的精度;③对于地表水水质预报,需对比不同模型在不同输入变量下的预测结果,以获得最佳的预测精度.单水质参数输入的W-GABP耦合模型能较准确地预报地表水As浓度的变化情况,对数据缺乏地区水质监控和地表水As污染防治具有重要意义.     

基于证据理论的地铁火灾安全评价方法

为了评价地铁系统中具有显著随机性的潜在风险因素对地铁火灾安全的影响水平,引入D-S证据理论,提出1种基于证据理论的地铁火灾安全评价方法。通过查阅地铁建筑相关资料,建立包括“人、机、管、环”4大方面的地铁火灾安全评价指标体系;在此基础上,合理运用信任函数与似然函数,计算评价因素的安全上下界极限,将一般评价中遇到的不确定结果进行可靠的数值转换,从而量化评价结果;采用证据融合算法,综合考虑不同专家给出的多组检查结果在地铁火灾安全评价中的信度,提高最终评分的可靠程度。实例分析表明:基于证据理论的地铁火灾安全评价方法,能够较好地量化与融合不确定性风险因素。     

细尾矿砂破坏准则的测试与安全影响

为研究细尾矿砂破坏准则的具体形式和安全影响,利用HCA试验的方法测试了子午平面和π平面的破坏曲线;采用数值模拟的方法分析了所获破坏准则引起的尾矿坝安全系数变化。结果表明:子午平面的破坏曲线为单调递增;π平面破坏曲线在静水压力较小状态与Mohr-Coulomb准则一致,静水压力较大状态与Drucker-Prager准则一致,针对试验对象静水压力分界点可确定为200 kPa;若基于分界点在坝体内设置双重破坏准则,安全系数介于单独准则所得值之间,且Drucker-Prager准则单元所占比重介于31.33%～60.67%时,滑面区内Drucker-Prager准则单元数量变化,安全系数变化较明显,比重取其余值滑面区内Drucker-Prager准则单元数量不变,安全系数变化不明显。细尾矿砂破坏准则应为Mohr-Coulomb与Drucker-Prager组合而成的双重准则,组合过程需考虑静水压力的影响。