江西稻田红壤中丙溴磷的移动特性及其主要影响因素

用土壤薄层色谱法研究农药丙溴磷在不同层江西省稻田红壤中的移动特性及其在表层土壤中移动的主要影响因素.以稻田灌溉水为展开剂,测得丙溴磷在表、中和下层土壤薄层板上的比移值Rf分别为0.375、0.301和0.092,这表明丙溴磷在表层土壤中中等移动、中层土壤中不易移动和下层土壤中不移动,对地下水污染可能性较小,但可能对地表水会产生一定程度的污染.改变土壤有机质和黏土量,调节稻田灌溉水pH和CEC(阳离子交换量),考察这4种因素对丙溴磷在表层稻田红壤中移动的影响.结果表明,土壤有机质可抑制表层土壤中丙溴磷的移动,但起主要抑制作用的是难氧化土壤有机质;土壤黏土量与丙溴磷在土壤中的移动性呈明显的负相关,其相关系数为-0.976(n=5,P<0.05);稻田灌溉水pH>5时,表层红壤中丙溴磷的迁移随pH增大而增大;增大稻田灌溉水的CEC可促进丙溴磷在表层土壤中的移动.从同一土壤剖面来看,稻田红壤CEC和黏土量是丙溴磷在不同层土壤中移动性差异的主要影响因素.     

草甘膦对GC-1小鼠精原细胞的毒性作用及NAC的干预效应

为探讨41%草甘膦水溶液(农达)对雄性生殖细胞的毒性及其作用机制以及N-乙酰半胱氨酸(N-acetylcysteine, NAC)的干预效应。以GC-1小鼠精原细胞为受试细胞,设正常对照组、草甘膦染毒组(60、90、120、150、180 mg·L^-1)、NAC干预组(10 mmol·L^-1 NAC＋90 mg·L^-1农达)。MTT法检测细胞存活率,Giemsa染色法观察细胞的形态学改变,彗星试验检测细胞DNA损伤,比色法检测细胞培养液乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)以及细胞内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)及丙二醛(MDA)水平的变化。结果显示,随着草甘膦染毒浓度增加,细胞存活率逐渐下降(p<0.01),彗星阳性率逐渐升高(p<0.01);与对照组相比,草甘膦染毒组LDH活性增加(p<0.05,60 mg·L^-1组除外),MDA生成量增多(p<0.05),GSH含量降低(p<0.05)和SOD活性降低(p<0.05)。抗氧化剂NAC预处理具有相应的拮抗作用。研究表明,60～180 mg·L^-1浓度草甘膦对GC-1细胞有明显的损伤作用,其机制可能是草甘膦诱导氧化应激,导致细胞通透性增加和DNA损伤。抗氧化剂NAC对草甘膦的细胞毒性具有一定保护作用。     

等离子体热解处理废轮胎实验研究

以废轮胎为实验物料 ,在N2 热等离子体反应器内进行了一系列热解试验。气体产物产率达 40 % ,固体产物产率为 60 % ,气体产物主要成分为CO、H2 、CH4 等可燃气体 ,固体产物分析结果显示该产物特性与轮胎制造中加入的配料碳黑相近     

Predicting the elemental compositions of solid waste using ATR-FTIR and machine learning

● A method based on ATR-FTIR and ML was developed to predict CHNS contents in waste. ● Feature selection methods were used to improve models’ prediction accuracy. ● The best model predicted C, H, and N contents with accuracy R ² ≥ 0.93, 0.87, 0.97. ● Some suitable models showed insensitivity to spectral noise. ● Under moisture interference, the models still had good prediction performance. Elemental composition is a key parameter in solid waste treatment and disposal. This study has proposed a method based on infrared spectroscopy and machine learning algorithms that can rapidly predict the elemental composition (C, H, N, S) of solid waste. Both noise and moisture spectral interference that may occur in practical application are investigated. By comparing two feature selection methods and five machine learning algorithms, the most suitable models are selected. Moreover, the impacts of noise and moisture on the models are discussed, with paper, plastic, textiles, wood, and leather as examples of recyclable waste components. The results show that the combination of the feature selection and K-nearest neighbor (KNN) approaches exhibits the best prediction performance and generalization ability. Particularly, the coefficient of determination (R²) of the validation set, cross validation and test set are higher than 0.93, 0.89, and 0.97 for predicting the C, H, and N contents, respectively. Further, KNN is less sensitive to noise. Under moisture interference, the combination of feature selection and support vector regression or partial least-squares regression shows satisfactory results. Therefore, the elemental compositions of solid waste are quickly and accurately predicted under noise and moisture disturbances using infrared spectroscopy and machine learning algorithms.     

钱塘江南源流域异常水质预测及影响因素分析

基于数据驱动的水质预测模型存在局限性,对突发水质异常事件的预测效果不佳。该研究选取钱塘江南源流域马戍口监测断面为研究对象,综合采用相关性分析方法对水质异常事件的主要影响因素进行分析,明确流域内、外因及土壤条件对水质异常指标的影响程度,探究造成模型局限性的深层原因。结果表明:异常水质的影响因素及其耦合机制复杂多变,异常浊度受降雨量、径流量的直接影响更大,异常高锰酸盐指数与温度、降雨量相关关系更明显,而总磷、总氮的异常变化与相对湿度、降雨量、径流量具有相关关系。研究结果对于提高气候变化背景下的水质预报能力具有重要的参考价值,可为自然流域水污染防治提供科学参考。     

离子交换纤维对金属氰络合物吸附性能的研究

采用强碱性离子交换纤维对含氰废水中主要离子铜氰络合物、锌氰络合物的吸附性能进行了研究.实验结果表明:含氰废水的pH在8～11范围内,纤维材料对金属氰络合物具有良好的吸附性能;纤维对铜氰络合物、锌氰络合物的吸附速率很快,4 min左右就可达吸附平衡;温度对铜氰络合物、锌氰络合物吸附影响不大,纤维的这些吸附特点对工业应用非常有利.     

重特大火灾对南京市火灾发生影响规律的时间序列研究

本文采用时间序列法分析中国江苏省南京市每月火灾发生次数受该时间段内江苏省特大火灾以及南京市重特大火灾的影响规律。在对原始数据依次进行了异常点剔除、季节调整后,运用时间序列干涉模型对调整后的数据序列进行滞后分析,分析结果表明通常重特大火灾的影响可持续三个月。     

Assessment of dermal exposure to benzene and toluene in shoe manufacturing by activated carbon cloth patches

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this investigation was to use activated carbon cloth (ACC) patches to study the probability and extent of dermal exposure to benzene and toluene in a shoe factory. METHODS: Inhalation and dermal exposure loading were measured simultaneously in 70 subjects on multiple days resulting in 113 observations. Dermal exposure loading was assessed by ACC patches attached to likely exposed skin areas (e.g. the palm of the hand and abdomen). A control patch at the chest and an organic vapor monitor (OVM) were used to adjust the hand and abdomen patches for the contribution from the air through passive absorption of benzene and toluene on the ACC patches. Systemic exposure was assessed by quantification of unmetabolized benzene (UBz) and toluene (UTol) in urine. RESULTS: Mean air concentrations for the study population were 1.5 and 7.5 ppm for benzene and toluene, respectively. Iterative regression analyses between the control patch, OVM and the dermal patches showed that only a small proportion of the ACC patches at the hand had likely benzene (n = 4; mean 133 microg cm(-2) h(-1)) or toluene (n = 5; mean 256 microg cm(-2) h(-1)) contamination. Positive patches were exclusively observed among subjects performing the task of gluing. Significant dermal exposure loading to the abdomen was detected only for toluene (n = 2; mean 235 microg cm(-2) h(-1)). No relation was found between having a positive hand or abdomen ACC patch and UBz or UTol levels. In contrast a strong association was found between air levels of benzene (p = 0.0016) and toluene (p < 0.0001) and their respective urinary levels. CONCLUSIONS: ACC patches are shown to be a useful technique for quantifying the probability of dermal exposure to organic solvents and to provide estimates of the potential contribution of the dermal pathway to systemic exposure. Using ACC patches we show that dermal exposure to benzene and toluene in a shoe manufacturing factory is probably rare, and when it occurred exposures were relatively low and did not significantly contribute to systemic exposure.     

非程序DNA合成试验检测长江水质的遗传毒性

应用原代肝细胞的非程序DNA合成（UDS）试验检测水质的遗传毒性。结果表明,试验条件是可行的。UDS试验从DNA修复合成的角度来反映受试物的遗传毒性作用,可作为水质的评价方法之一。应用UDS试验对长江中下游五个城市的源水及自来水进行检测,结果发现,无论是源水还是自来水均可引起cpm值的升高,说明对哺乳动物细胞均具有一定的遗传毒性。     

论街道/社区建立ISO14001环境管理体系的程序和特征

阐述了街道 /社区引入ISO1 4 0 0 1环境管理体系的意义、程序和特征。其程序主要包括前期准备、体系策划及体系运行等阶段 ,其特征为外延广泛、点面兼顾和与行政管理紧密结合。