基于产品功能的装备环境工程管理思考

首先详细分析了目前装备环境工程实施的现状,指出环境工程管理在其中的核心地位,提出了环境工程管理的三大任务,即保障设计的正确性、保障装备实现过程中各项技术活动与设计的一致性、以及保障后续装备的持续改进完善和升级。在环境适应性设计方面,结合具体工程案例,强调了关注产品顶层环境设计分析、总体与各部分的环境匹配性、全寿命周期环境集合的完备性、环境响应特性调查试验,以及数字仿真的重要性。可为装备环境工程的持续改进和提高提供新思路。     

炼厂"三泥"的生物处理研究

从大港油田筛选和分离出3株以原油为碳源的石油降解菌,初步鉴定为假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas sp.),用这3株菌混合处理某炼厂的"三泥",在适宜的降解条件下,仅需投加混合菌液,无需添加营养物(N,P),可使含油污泥A的残油量从67g/kg降至7.7g/kg,混合油泥试样AB的残油量从19.7g/kg降至3.1g/kg,平均去除率为84%以上,可以实现含油污泥的较为经济的、有效的处理.经生物处理后含油污泥的恶臭味完全消失.     

Unanswered questions on the airborne transmission of COVID-19

Environmental Chemistry Letters - Policies and measures to control pandemics are often failing. While biological factors controlling transmission are usually well explored, little is known about...     

镉对孕鼠胎盘激素合成功能的毒性效应

为探究孕期低剂量镉暴露对胎盘激素合成功能的毒性效应,选择雌三醇和孕酮激素作为研究对象,基于研究的孕期低剂量镉暴露小鼠模型,通过生物化学方法检测镉暴露小鼠的血液和胎盘中的雌三醇和孕酮激素含量及其合成底物浓度,并通过实时定量PCR法对胎盘中相关激素合成基因的表达水平进行检测.结果表明,孕期低剂量镉暴露可导致小鼠血清和胎盘中...     

云南喀斯特关键带植被时空变化特征及气候与人为影响因子解析

受自然环境及人类活动的影响,滇东南喀斯特地区石漠化问题严重,当地生态环境面临巨大压力.基于MODIS-NDVI数据通过像元二分模型提取植被覆盖度FVC,采用回归与残差分析等方法对2000 ～ 2016年植被覆盖时空变化特征和趋势进行了分析,并对影响其变化的气候和人为因子进行了解析.研究结果表明:近17年研究区FVC总体呈波动上升的趋势,增长速率为春季(0.005 0/a)＞冬季(0.004 3/a)＞秋季(0.004 0/a)＞夏季(0.000 3/a),年增长速率0.003 6/a.2000年以来FVC呈增加趋势的区域占研究区总面积比例在85％以上,而在市域、县域中心区以减少为主.研究区分别有56.41％、61.47％的FVC与气温、降水因子的相关系数通过0.05的显著性检验,主要呈正相关关系.2000～2016年研究区受人类活动影响持续增加的面积占总面积80.54％,持续减弱的面积占13％,影响不变的面积占6.46％,人类活动对FVC变化的影响呈持续加强的趋势.研究结果将为定量评估喀斯特区域石漠化综合治理工程和生态修复评估提供科学依据.     

Acidification of lead/zinc mine tailings and its effect on heavy metal mobility

The acid-forming potential of lead/zinc (Pb/Zn) mine tailings at Lechang City of Guangdong Province was studied using both net acid generation (NAG) and acid-base accounting (ABA) methods. The pyritic and total sulfur contents of the tailings were 12.6% and 18.7%, respectively. The mean acid neutralization capacity (ANC) was 63.5 kg H2SO4/t while three oxidized tailings samples had an ANC less than zero. The NAG and net acid production potential (NAPP) values were 220 and 326 kg H2SO4/t, and both the NAG and NAPP results indicated that the tailings had a high acid-forming potential. NAG was more accurate than NAPP in predicting acid-forming potential of the tailings due to uncompleted oxidization of pyritic sulfur. Analysis of samples from two profile tests indicated that acidification mainly occurred at the surface (0-20 cm) and had little effects at deep layer of the tailings. Total concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cu, and Cd were increased greatly with depth at the acidified tailings profile, while heavy metal concentrations at different depths of nonacidified tailings profile were similar. The results indicated that depletion of heavy metals at the acidified surface was due to acidification. The diethylenetetramine pentaacetic acid (DTPA)-extractable Pb, Zn, Cu, and Cd concentrations of acidified tailings surface (0-20 cm) were significantly higher than those of nonacidified tailings, which further revealed that acidification enhanced the mobility of heavy metals in the tailings.     

1961～2017年中国不同长历时暴雨与总降雨事件的空间分异特征对比研究

长历时强降雨事件所导致的城市内涝已经成为当前中国城市安全建设和发展的严峻问题,因此,研究不同长历时强降雨事件空间演变特征具有重要的意义。采用1961~2017年中国545个日值气象站点降水数据,从雨量和雨日2个属性,分析不同长历时暴雨和总降雨事件的总量特征、变化趋势和年际变率空间分异格局。结果表明：(1)中国不同长历时暴雨和总降雨事件均呈东南高-西北低的空间分异格局,且随着降雨历时的增加,量级较高的不同长历时暴雨和总降雨事件在空间分布上逐渐向东南沿海地区集聚,且空间高低分异特征逐渐趋于减小。在华西秋雨的影响下,华西地区总降雨雨日相比同纬度其它地区较高。(2)中国不同长历时暴雨雨量和雨日主要在东南地区呈增加趋势,西北地区增减不明显。总降雨雨量变化趋势在东南和西北呈增加趋势,而在两者中间过渡带呈减少趋势,且随着降雨历时增加,减少趋势地带向东南和西北地区扩张。不同长历时总降雨雨日变化趋势则呈南方减少北方增加态势。(3)中国历时2 d的暴雨雨量和雨日年际变率在农牧交错带及其毗邻地区最大,而历时3 d以上的暴雨雨量和雨日年际变率则呈东南大-西北的分异格局。中国不同长历时总降雨雨量和雨日年际变率整体上呈南高-方低的分异格局,且随着降雨历时的增加,年际变率较大的地区向中国南部地区扩张。     

稻农低碳生产行为影响因素与引导策略——基于人际行为改进理论的多组比较分析

水稻种植是我国农业温室气体的主要排放源,有效引导农户进行水稻低碳化生产对减少农业温室气体排放,实现我国农业绿色可持续发展具有重要意义。基于改进的人际行为理论,建立稻农低碳生产行为影响机制理论框架,继而运用结构方程模型,实证检验了影响稻农低碳生产行为的主要因素及其影响路径。研究表明,低碳行为意愿与能力是激发稻农低碳生产行为的直接动因。行为态度、社会规范、环境情感通过影响低碳行为意愿作用于低碳生产行为。其中,行为态度的影响最大（0555）,其次是社会规范（0232）,环境情感作用最小（0153）。促进条件在意愿-行为、能力-行为的转化过程中具有显著的调节作用。进一步的多群组分析发现,受教育程度、家庭年收入、种植规模等变量在不同群组间的调节效应存在显著差异。由此表明,鼓励稻农适度扩大水稻种植规模,完善农业绿色生产补贴,加强水稻低碳生产教育与专业技术培训等是提高农户低碳认知与行为意愿,引导稻农从事低碳生产的有效手段     

Wet deposition of nitrogen and sulfur in Guangzhou, a subtropical area in South China

Understanding the exchange mechanism between stratosphere and troposphere is one of the most important concerns of meteorologists and climatologists for decades. Different methods are being adopted to study those mechanisms. One of those methods is the study upon the tropospheric concentration of conserve or passive entities with stratospheric origin. One of those passive entities is ⁷Be that is produced upon the incident of cosmic rays on light atmospheric nuclei in the stratosphere. The availability of 5 years observations of ⁷Be concentration in surface air in Tehran (35°41^′ N, 51°18^′ E) encouraged us to investigate meteorological condition effect on the surface concentration of ⁷Be. Also, the intention was to see if there was any intrusion of stratospheric air into the troposphere at the time of high surface concentration of ⁷Be and scavenging mechanism when the concentration was low. During the course of this study, it has been found that ⁷Be concentration is high whenever there is a jet stream over Tehran. Since high-level jet streams normally form near tropopause folding, it could be interpreted as a sign of the intrusion of stratospheric air into the troposphere. It was also found that high concentration of ⁷Be in the Tehran surface air in summer is associated with an upper ridge on 500 hPa surface located east of the city, and low concentration in winter is associated with an upper trough. The latter normally is seen whenever there is precipitation that suggests wet scavenging could be the reason for that observed low concentration.     

Exchange-rate economics for the resources sector

The paper provides an account of aspects of exchange-rate economics that are of particular relevance to the resources sector. The issues discussed include exchange-rate volatility and the risk management practices used to deal with it, the role of productivity differences across countries, and the impact of a booming resources sector on the country's exchange rate. The discussion is organized around a simple stylized model that emphasizes the quantity theory of money and purchasing power parity as a long-run link between prices and exchange rates.