碳纤维生产工艺含氰废气治理

在聚丙烯腈基碳纤维的生产过程中将产生大量有毒含氰废气，其危害性已引起人们的普遍关注。提出了催化燃烧的治理方案和工艺。实际运行结果表明：该工艺过程操作简便，效果较好，净化后气体达到了国家排放标准。     

Nitrogen sources to watersheds and estuaries: role of land cover mosaics and losses within watersheds

Across most of the World's coastal zone there has been a geographic transition from naturally vegetated to human-altered land covers, both agricultural and urban. This transition has increased the nitrogen loads to coastal watersheds, and from watersheds to receiving estuaries. We modeled the nitrogen entering the watershed of Waquoit Bay, Massachusetts, and found that as the transition took place, nitrogen loads to watersheds increased from 1938 to 1990. The relative magnitude of the contribution by wastewater, fertilizers, and atmospheric deposition depends on the land cover mosaics of a watershed. Atmospheric deposition was the major input to the watershed surface during this period, but because of different rates of loss within the watershed. wastewater became the major source of nitrogen flowing from the watershed to the receiving estuaries. Atmospheric deposition prevails in watersheds dominated by natural vegetation such as forests, but wastewater may become a dominant source in watersheds where urbanization increases. Increased nitrogen loads resulting from conversion of natural to human-altered watershed surfaces create eutrophication of receiving waters, with attendant changes in water quality, and marked shifts in the flora and food webs of the affected estuaries. Management efforts for restoration of eutrophied estuaries require maintenance of forested land, and control of wastewater and fertilizer inputs, the major terms in most affected places subject to local management. Wastewater and fertilizer nitrogen derive from within the watershed, which means local measures may effectively be used to control eutrophication of receiving waters.     

关于4-氨基安替比林萃取光度法测定挥发酚的探讨

介绍了在测定挥发酚过程中,对试剂的保存、缓冲溶液pH值的控制、各种试剂的加入顺序及萃取时间等存在的问题,并针对性地提出了解决办法.     

Comparison between solid-phase extraction methods for the chromatographic determination of organophosphorus pesticides in water

A solid-phase microextraction (SPME) procedure has been developed to extract eight organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) in water and the method was compared with a conventional solid phase extraction (SPE) technique. The extracted OPs were analyzed by gas chromatography using thermionic specific detection. Both extraction methods presented linear calibration at least over the concentration range investigated (100 to 1000 ng x mL(-1) for SPE and 1 to 100 ng x mL(-1) for SPME). SPME method presented higher sensitivity than SPE. The quantitation limits were between 0.1 to 1.0 ng x mL(-1) for SPME depending upon the analyte, and 100 ng x mL(-1) for SPE. The precision, as measured by the standard deviations (RSD), were in the range 3.6% to 5.8% for SPME and 2.4% to 9.2% for SPE. Along with the feature of being a solvent - free sampling technique, SPME offers additional benefits due to its high sensitivity, simplicity, and small size sample required (typically: SPE - 500 mL, SPME - 5 mL).     

The effects of hydrogen peroxide pre-oxidation on ultrafiltration membrane biofouling alleviation in drinking water treatment

Pre-oxidation is widely used to reduce ultrafiltration membrane fouling.However,the variation in the composition of microbial communities and extracellular polymeric substances(EPSs) accompanying pre-oxidation in drinking water treatment has received little attention.In this study,hydrogen peroxide(H_2O_2) was used in a coagulationultrafiltration process with Al_2(SO_4)_3·18H_2O.A long-term reactor experiment(60 d) showed that pre-oxidation alleviated membrane fouling,mainly due to its inhibition of microbial growth,as observed by flow cytometry measurements of the membrane tank water.Further analysis of the formed cake layer demonstrated that the corresponding levels of EPS released from the microbes were lower with than without H_2O_2 treatment.In comparison to polysaccharides,proteins dominated the EPS.2 D-electrophoresis showed little difference(p 0.05,Student's t-test) in the composition of proteins in the cake layer between the treatments with and without H_2O_2.The molecular weights of proteins ranged from approximately 30–50 kDa and the majority of isoelectric points ranged from 6 to 8.Highthroughput sequencing showed that the predominant bacteria were Proteobacteria,Bacteroidetes,and Verrucomicrobia in both cake layers.However,the relative abundance of Planctomycetes was higher in the cake layer with H_2O_2 pre-oxidation,which was likely probably due to the strong oxidative resistance of its cell wall.Overall,our findings clarify the fundamental molecular mechanism in H_2O_2 pre-oxidation for ultrafiltration membrane bio-fouling alleviation in drinking water treatment.     

环境规制对碳排放的门槛效应及其区域差异

为了深入探究我国环境规制的政策效应及其区域差异,采用我国30个省区2004—2014年的面板数据（不含港澳台及西藏自治区数据,下同）,分别以能源强度、产业结构和FDI（外商直接投资）作为门槛变量,以环境规制为核心解释变量,利用面板门槛模型分析我国环境规制对碳排放的门槛效应及其在东部、中部和西部存在的区域差异.结果表明:由于能源强度、产业结构、FDI这3个门槛变量的作用,环境规制对碳排放的影响体现出非线性特征,且环境规制的政策效应在东部、中部和西部3个区域内存在较为明显的差异.东部地区的环境规制在3个门槛变量的中低门槛区间均不能促进碳减排,处于高门槛区间时,能源强度会促进碳排放,而产业结构和FDI这两个门槛变量则对碳排放有抑制作用,其中能源强度跨过第2个门槛值（1.111 8）后仍表现出对碳排放的促进作用,产业结构（0.566 1）和FDI（1 159.40×108元）分别跨过第2个门槛值后,对碳排放表现出抑制作用;中部地区在能源强度的影响下,环境规制对碳排放一直为抑制作用,在产业结构和FDI的影响下则一直是促进作用;西部地区的能源强度与碳排放呈倒“U”型关系,两个门槛值分别为1.200 8与2.153 3,以产业结构和FDI为门槛变量时,环境规制均未能发挥碳减排作用,一直体现为促进作用.因此,政府在实施环境规制政策时不能采取一刀切的措施,要根据东部、中部和西部的不同情况针对性地实施相应的环境规制政策.      

多级土壤渗漏系统处理农村生活污水

构建了多级土壤渗漏系统（MSL）以处理农村生活污水,主要研究了MSL的挂膜启动特征,进水水力负荷对MSL处理生活污水性能的影响,以及MSL运行过程中生物膜的特征.实验结果表明,采用连续进水的方式挂膜28d后,挂膜成功,MSL对生活污水中COD,氨氮,TN,TP的去除率分别达到84.5%,74.7%,66.7%,76.4%.MSL运行过程中,表现出对进水水力负荷变化较强的适应性,水力负荷为400L/（m²·d）时,生活污水中COD,氨氮,TN,TP的平均去除率分别达到93.4%,94.9%,80.4%,94.7%,系统出水水质能够满足城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准（GB18918-2002）一级A标准.MSL对有机物和氮磷的去除途径结果表明,微生物降解和转化作用对污水中COD,氨氮,TN的去除贡献率最大,Fe³⁺与PO₄^3-的化学沉淀作用则是TP去除的主要途径.实时荧光定量PCR技术检测结果显示,生物膜中硝化功能菌占总菌群的35.5%.     

气候环境实验室降/扬雪环境表征方法分析

针对国内目前尚未开展过民机整机级实验室降/扬雪试验、对适航关注的降/扬雪环境参数不明确等问题,分析了气候环境实验室降/扬雪环境表征方法。首先从与降/扬雪相关的气象标准、环境试验标准、适航符合性验证方法和国外民机相关试验资料这四个方面着手收集了与降/扬雪环境相关的文献,分析提炼出了10个可对降/扬雪环境进行表征的方法。然后以民机降/扬雪环境下的适航符合性验证要求为基础,结合上述提炼出的10个表征方法,分析确定采用温度、能见度、总含水量、风速和雪密度对气候环境实验室降/扬雪环境进行表征,研究得到的降/扬雪环境表征方法可为将来在气候环境实验室内开展民机降/扬雪试验提供参考。     

引入绿色可再生能源的电力产品营销策略改进研究

从绿色可再生能源电力产品营销策略现状分析着手,分析绿色可再生能源的分布不均匀及绿色可再生能源的营销制度尚未完善对电力发展产生的严重制约。引入绿色可再生能源理念,从合理推广绿色可再生能源的电力产品、大力开发绿色可再生能源电力产品、拓宽绿色可再生能源电力产品市场、建立绿色可再生能源电力产品交易系统、健全绿色可再生能源电力产品的营销法规及制度以及制定绿色可再生能源电力产品的产业竞争优势战略等方面对电力产品营销策略进行改进,实现绿色可再生能源的合理分配。     

砷钼杂多酸─罗丹明6G荧光猝灭法测定痕量砷

探讨了在聚乙烯醇存在下，砷钼杂多酸──罗丹明６Ｇ荧光猝灭法测定痕量砷的条件，其λ_（ｅｍ）位于５６０ｎｍ，Ａｓ（Ｖ）量在２～６０ｎｇ／ｍＬ范围内与荧光猝灭值成线性关系。方法可用于环境水样中痕量砷的测定。