Distribution characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments and biota from the Zha Long Wetland, China

In this paper, the concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were measured in biota (reed, grass, mussel, fish, and red-crowned crane) and sediments collected from seven locations in the Zha Long Wetland. PAHs were recovered from the sediments and biota by ultrasonic extraction and then analyzed by means of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The total PAH concentrations were 244–713 ng/g dw in sediments, 82.8–415 ng/g dw in plants and 207–4,780 ng/g dw in animals. The total sediment PAH concentrations were categorized as lower to moderate contamination compared with other regions of China and the world. In the plant samples, the accumulation abilities of reed roots and stems for PAHs were higher than those of grass roots. In addition, the concentration of individual PAHs in mussel muscles was the highest in all of the animal samples, followed by fish, feeding crane fetuses, and wild crane fetuses. Compositional analysis suggests that the PAHs in the sediments from the Zha Long Wetland were derived from incomplete biomass combustion. Risk assessment shows that the levels of PAHs in sediments are mostly lower than the effects range mean value (effects range mean), whereas only naphthalene in all sample sites was higher than the effects range low value. It is worthwhile to note that benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene and benzo(ghi)perylene were detected in crane fetal, which have potential carcinogenicity for organisms from the Zha Long Wetland.     

陶瓷碎片基质人工湿地处理污染河水的应用

选取陶瓷碎片废弃物作为基质,芦苇和菖蒲作为湿地植物,构建潜流人工湿地系统,对城市纳污河道内的污染河水进行处理。水力负荷为15cm/d,考察了在较高浓度进水(CODCr和氨氮浓度分别为40~70mg/L和10~35mg/L)和较低浓度进水(CODCr和氨氮浓度分别为15~30mg/L和0.3~3mg/L)2种工况下系统的运行效果。结果表明,在较高浓度进水情况下,系统对CODCr、氨氮的平均去除率分别为10.0%和42.4%;在较低浓度进水情况下,系统对CODCr、氨氮的平均去除率分别为38.5%和63.0%。陶瓷碎片是一种经济有效的湿地基质。     

各国生活垃圾填埋场防渗结构标准研究

介绍美国、德国和欧盟等国的生活垃圾填埋污染控制标准中对于填埋场防渗结构包括防渗构造、防渗系数、防渗层厚度的有关规定。并对我国54家生活垃圾填埋场的防渗结构进行调查,调查结果表明,我国生活填埋场防渗结构设计不合理,容易发生渗滤液泄漏,这与现行《生活垃圾填埋污染控制标准》(GB16889-1997)中有关防渗结构的要求不足有关。建议我国的生活垃圾填埋场采用复合防渗结构,人工膜厚度至少为1.5mm,压实粘土层厚度至少为50cm。     

半导体行业挥发性有机物(VOCs)排放特征研究

采用工艺调查与现场监测相结合的方法,研究了半导体行业废气排放中VOCs的种类和排放水平.结果表明,共检测出26种有机物,其中以异丙醇排放量最大.采用排放系数法估算了该行业VOCs2004年的排放量和2010年的预期排放量,并提出了加强和完善排放标准控制以及清洁生产等控制措施的建议.     

一块小型人工湿地的环境经济价值评估

采用条件价值法对一块小型人工湿地系统进行环境经济价值评价.计算出该人工湿地系统总价值87600元,总经济效益15600元,环境经济效益显著.对影响评价结果的一些因素进行了讨论,认为所得的评估价值偏低.因此,小型人工湿地用于养殖场污水处理具有良好的应用前景.     

Promotive effect of pyridine on indole degradation by activated sludge under anoxic conditions

Batch experiments were carried out to investigate the promotive effect of pyridine on indole degradation under denitrifying conditions. The seed sludge was obtained from a local coal-coking wastewater treatment facility and was acclimated in the laboratory. Indole and pyridine were supplemented to the synthetic wastewater at different ratios. The optimum ratio of chemical oxygen demand (COD) to nitrate (C/N) was 8.4–8.9 for both denitrification and indole and pyridine degradation. At a temperature of 28°C and pH of 7.0–7.5, the nitrate reductase activity (NRA) was in the best state. The addition of pyridine could promote NRA and the degradation of indole. When the initial concentration of indole was 150 mg/L, the concentration ratio of indole to pyridine was in the range of 1–10. Under optimum C/N conditions, the degradation of indole could be described with pseudo-zero-order kinetics. There was no accumulation of nitrite during the reaction. When the concentration ratio of pyridine to indole was less than 0.25 with an increase in the pyridine proportion, there were more significant augment rates for NRA and the degradation of indole than the situation when the concentration ratio was more than 0.25. __________ Translated from Environmental Science, 2006, 27(2): 300–304 [译自: 环境科学]     

基于Kohonen网络的交通大气环境影响评价新方法

为了综合评价多因素对城市交通环境大气的影响,建立了城市交通环境大气影响评价指标体系,即考虑了不同污染物的差异,又突出主要污染物在污染评价中的主要分担作用,采用了新的赋权方法;并根据Kohonen网络理论提出了一种评价交通环境大气影响的新方法.     

内电解组合工艺处理重度富营养化水体的初步中试试验

采用催化铁内电解-沸石床-生物活性炭组合工艺进行了处理重度富营养化水的中试试验.通过对进水与出水浊度、TP、CODMn、UV254、总铁、NH3-N、和NO2--N的监测,研究了本组合工艺对重度富营养化水体的处理性能.试验期间,水温约在10℃.初步结果表明,本组合工艺对浊度、TP、CODMn和UV254均有较好的去除作用,平均去除率达到50%以上,出水中铁含量均低于进水.由于水温过低,未观察到氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮的明显变化.     

苏州市经济发展与环境污染耦合关系的实证研究

选取苏州市1990-2004年经济与环境数据, 通过分析经济因子与环境因子相互关系,探究苏州市经济增长与环境质量演替轨迹,建立经济增长与环境污染水平计量模型.根据模型结果分析了苏州市环境库兹涅茨曲线的特征及产生的原因,并提出了相应的改进建议.实证研究表明,苏州市部分环境指标与人均GDP演替轨迹呈现一定的环境库兹涅茨曲线特征,但大部分环境指标尚未达到转折点.产生这种现象的主要原因是产业结构的不合理.     

浅议中国环境侵权救济存在的问题及解决对策

随着环境问题愈来愈突出,环境侵权现象已成为中国的一大社会问题,但中国目前尚缺乏对环境侵权救济法律制度进行全面深入的研究.本文分析了中国现行环境侵权法律救济制度存在的问题,造成侵权救济问题的原因,提出了完善环境侵权救济制度的措施.