A new approach to spatial source apportionment of haze pollution in large scale and its application in China

Long-lasting expansion of haze pollution in China has already presented a stern challenge to regional joint prevention and control. There is an urgent need to enlarge and reconstruct the coverage of joint prevention and control of air pollution in key area. Air quality models can identify and quantify the regional contribution of haze pollution and its key components with the help of numerical simulation, but it is difficult to be applied to larger spatial scale due to the complexity of model parameters. The time series analysis can recognize the existence of spatial interaction of haze pollution between cities, but it has not yet been used to further identify the spatial sources of haze pollution in large scale. Using econometric framework of time series analysis, this paper developed a new approach to perform spatial source apportionment. We applied this approach to calculate the contribution from spatial sources of haze pollution in China, using the monitoring data of particulate matter (PM_2.5) across 161 Chinese cities. This approach overcame the limitation of numerical simulation that the model complexity increases at excess with the expansion of sample range, and could effectively deal with severe large-scale haze episodes.     

近期长江张家洲南水道强冲刷机理与趋势分析

2016年9月利用多波束测深仪调查了张家洲河段河床微地貌的高分辨率形态与分布特征,结合1998年和2013年水下地形资料,分析了三峡截流以来该河段河槽的冲淤变化与演变趋势。结果表明：（1）张家洲河段整体呈冲刷状态,净冲刷量17.2×10.6 m³。其中,张家洲南水道是强冲刷区,最大冲刷深度约9 m;（2）河槽表层沉积物中值粒径为149.1~226.3 μm,与历史资料相比呈粗化趋势;（3）张家洲河段约82.9％的主航道发育了沙波,约14.0％的主航道发育了冲刷坑与冲刷槽,平床地形仅占3.1％。流域来沙量减少是张家洲河段整体冲刷的主要原因,而河流控制工程稳定了河势,迫使水流归槽,加剧了张家洲南水道的冲刷。随着流域来沙量持续减少,张家洲南水道主航道有可能进一步冲刷     

长江经济带城市协同发展能力研究

协同发展是目前长江经济带建设的重点,但是,目前对协同发展水平进行定量测度的研究较少。依据增长极和复合生态系统等理论,遵循新时期长江经济带发展的指导思想,构建了由科技创新、经济发展、交流服务、生态保护4大领域18个核心指标组成的长江经济带城市协同发展能力评价指标体系,并采用自然断裂点分析、空间自相关分析和规模-位序分析等方法,对长江经济带110个地级及以上城市的协同发展能力进行了系统分析。研究发现：上海、南京、武汉在协同发展能力上表现卓越。从空间分布看,长江经济地城市协同发展能力呈现东高西低的格局,上海的龙头带动作用突出,长江下游地区在总协同指数、经济发展、科技创新、交流服务领域处于领先水平,但在生态保护领域表现一般;长江中游地区除武汉、长沙和南昌等省会城市协同发展能力较高外,在总指数以及4个分领域处于中等水平;长江上游地区在总协同指数以及4个分领域协同能力非常低,仅重庆、成都、昆明、贵阳等城市协同发展能力突出。经济发展水平、交通运输条件和科技创新水平对生态绿色发展的协同能力影响不大,说明长江经济带目前尚未实现生态保护与经济发展、技术进步和黄金水道建设的共赢。因此,未来长江经济带应以“绿色、创新、稳健”为核心思想,推进长江经济带协同发展的顶层设计,加快构建以重要节点城市为核心的分层协同发展机制,推动长江经济带绿色产业的创新协调发展,强化长江经济带生态安全风险的联合防控,提升经济带的协同发展水平。     

Nutrients Availability Shapes Fungal Community Composition and Diversity in the Rare Earth Mine Tailings of Southern Jiangxi,China

Russian Journal of Ecology - The present study characterized the nutrients availability of three rare earth tailings deserted in different time stages in Southern Jiangxi of China, and revealed the...     

高含盐废水脱盐处理技术研究进展

综述了几种常见的高含盐废水脱盐处理技术的发展历程、工艺原理、优缺点及目前的研究进展,分析了热分离、膜分离、电渗析、离子交换、电吸附、微生物脱盐等方法的优缺点,展望了未来废水脱盐工艺的发展方向。指出：脱盐方法将根据各类水体的水质特点更加精细化;多种脱盐技术联合应用也是今后废水脱盐的发展方向。     

钙钛矿型催化剂催化湿式氧化处理煤气化废水纳滤浓缩液

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了Mn掺杂钙钛矿型催化剂LaFexMn1-xO3,并以其为催化剂催化湿式双氧水氧化处理煤气化废水纳滤浓缩液。采用XRD,SEM,FTIR技术对催化剂进行了表征。表征结果显示：制备的催化剂均具有标准的钙钛矿型结构,其中,LaFe0.9Mn0.1O3的结构稳定,比表面积大。实验结果表明：制备的催化剂中LaFe0.9Mn0.1O3的催化活性最高,且稳定性好,连续使用5次后催化活性未见明显减弱;在H2O2投加量3.0 g/L、n（H2O2）∶n（LaFe0.9Mn0.1O3）=12∶1、反应温度160 ℃、反应压力1 MPa、浓缩液pH 3、反应时间60 min的最优条件下,COD、UV254和TOC的去除率分别达到80.9%、95.2%和68.0%,BOD5/COD由0.02提升至0.40,可生化性大幅提高。     

基于正态云模型的区域生态安全评价

为了有效监测和评估区域生态安全状况,针对区域生态安全评价中出现的模糊性和随机性问题,构建了基于正态云模型和熵权法的区域生态安全综合评价模型。首先,结合PSR理论模型,从压力、状态、响应3个方面构建了区域生态安全评价指标体系。然后,利用熵权法确定各指标的权重,通过正态云模型进行评价,根据最大隶属度原则确定了区域生态安全等级;并利用GIS技术实现了区域生态安全评价计算结果的可视化表示。最后,以安徽省16个地级市2010—2015年的相关指标数据为研究对象进行了实证研究。结果表明,除了2013年处于III级水平,2010—2015年安徽省生态安全状况基本处于II级水平,表明安徽省生态安全评价结果为危险等级。     

色谱、光谱及联用技术在多农药残留检测中的应用

介绍了国内外多农药残留检测的发展状况,综述了色谱法、光谱法、色谱-质谱联用技术、色谱-光谱联用法、多维气相色谱技术的特点及在多农药残留检测中的应用,指出多农药残留检测在今后的农药残留检测中将占据主导地位.     

高密度电法在原位修复土壤过程中的监控研究

采用高密度电阻率成像法（ERT）对上海市某有机污染场地土壤污染原地修复进行研究，通过持续监测药剂注入前后电阻率的改变来推断药剂和污染物的扩散路径。结果表明，药剂扩散的影响半径介于2 m～4 m之间；其影响深度根据注药点和土壤渗透性差异而有所不同，在16 m处注药的影响深度大于监测深度20 m，ERT技术在监控原位注入修复过程中具有较好的可行性和适用性。     

A comparative study of vocational education and occupational safety and health training in China and the UK

In order to enhance Chinese workers’ occupational safety awareness, it is essential to learn from developed countries’ experiences. This article investigates thoroughly occupational safety and health (OSH) in China and the UK; moreover, the article performs a comparison of Chinese and British OSH training-related laws, regulations and education system. The following conclusions are drawn: China’s work safety continues to improve, but there is still a large gap compared with the UK. In China a relatively complete vocational education and training (VET) system has been established. However, there exist some defects in OSH. In the UK, the employer will not only pay attention to employees’ physiological health, but also to their mental health. The UK’s VET is characterized by classification and grading management, which helps integrate OSH into the whole education system. China can learn from the UK in the development of policies, VET and OSH training.