泥鳅在污染物毒性评价中的应用研究

泥鳅营底栖生活,生存能力强,易于饲养,便于采集和处理,有作为模式生物的潜力。受到污染物胁迫时,泥鳅在分子、细胞、组织、器官和个体水平上会发生明显的变化,其存活、生长和繁殖从而受到影响。泥鳅的这些特性可以被用来进行污染物毒性评价。从急性毒性、蓄积毒性、生殖力毒性、遗传毒性等方面,综述和分析了泥鳅在污染物毒性评价中的应用研究进展,并对未来研究重点进行了展望。     

Long-term geochemical evolution of acidic mine wastes under anaerobic conditions

A nearly 5-year anaerobic incubation experiment was conducted to observe the geochemical evolution of an acidic mine waste. Long-term storage of the mine waste under strict anaerobic conditions caused marked increase in aqueous sulfur, while aqueous iron showed no remarkable change. Co-existing oxidation and reduction of elemental sulfur appeared to play a central role in controlling the evolutionary trends of aqueous sulfur and iron. Addition of organic matter increased the aqueous Fe concentration, possibly due to enhanced iron mobilization by microbial iron reduction and increased iron solubility by forming organically complexed Fe species. Further addition of CaCO₃ resulted in immobilization of aqueous iron and sulfur due to elevated pH and gypsum formation. The chemical behaviors of environmentally significant metals were markedly affected by the added organic matter; Al, Cr, Cu, Ni and Zn tended to be immobilized probably due to elevated pH and complexation with insoluble organic molecules, while As and Pb tended to be mobilized. Jarosite exhibited high stability after nearly 5 years of anaerobic incubation and even under circumneutral pH conditions. Long-term weathering of aluminosilicate through acid attack raised pH, while continuous reaction between the added CaCO₃ and mine waste-borne stored acid decreased pH.     

Levels and distribution of trace metals in surface sediments from Kongsfjorden, Svalbard, Norwegian Arctic

Trace metal contents (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) have been measured in 27 surface sediment samples collected from Kongsfjorden, Svalbard, Norwegian Arctic. The analyses yielded concentration values (in mg kg^?1) of 0.13–0.63 for Cd, 11.89–21.90 for Co, 48.65–81.84 for Cr, 21.26–36.60 for Cu, 299.59–683.48 for Mn, 22.43–35.39 for Ni, 10.68–36.59 for Pb, 50.28–199.07 for Zn and 8.09–65.34 for Hg (in ng g^?1), respectively. Relative cumulative frequency method has been used to define the baseline values of these metals, which (in mg kg^?1) were 0.14 for Cd, 13.56 for Co, 57.86 for Cr, 25.14 for Cu, 364.08 for Mn, 26.22 for Ni, 17.46 for Pb, 70.49 for Zn and 9.76 for Hg (in ng g^?1), respectively. The enrichment factor analysis indicated that Hg showed some extent of anthropogenic pollution, while Pb, Zn and Cd showed limited anthropogenic contamination in the study areas.     

利用巯基棉富集分离，鲁米诺－双氧水－铬（Ⅲ）化学发光体系监测环境水样中痕量价态砷

用鲁米诺双氧水铬（Ⅲ）化学发光体系结合巯基棉对Ａｓ（Ⅲ）的分离,建立了快速简单的测定水样中痕量价态砷的新方法,检测范围宽（１０×１０－１０－１０×１０－５ｇ／ｍｌ）,检出限为６０×１０－１２ｇ／ｍｌ。     

A mathematical model for the biosorption of copper on immobilized yeast in alginate

Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast was entrapped in alginate for the recovery of copper ions from aqueous solution, in which both yeast and alginate could take metal ions. The Freundlich isotherm had been shown to be successful in describing biosorption and a linear biosorption was assumed when the equilibrium copper ion concentration in the fluid was lower than 1 mg/l. The biosorption isotherm was found to be independent of the immobilized yeast densities ranging from 6 to 17 percent. A mathematical model describing the mass transport along with the biosorption was developed with the main assumptions that the inner diffusion with constant diffusivity was the rate limiting step of the biosorption process and the pore solution locally equilibrated with the adjacent biosorbent (both yeast and alginate). This model has theoretical advantages over the formerly proposed Shrinkage Core Model and Linear Adsorption Model. Effective diffusion coefficients of copper ion in immobilized yeast beads using the model developed were found to be independent of the immobilized yeast densities ranging from 6 to 17 percent. The average result was 2.22×10^?5 cm²/s.     

硫化镉量子点与常规硫化镉对小鼠遗传毒性的比较研究

为比较硫化镉量子点(CdS quantum dots,CdSQDs)与常规硫化镉(CdS)对小鼠的遗传毒性作用,将30只昆明种健康雄性小鼠随机分为对照组、CdSQDs组和常规CdS组,通过经口灌胃法进行染毒,其中CdSQDs组和常规CdS组染毒剂量为100mg·kg-1,对照组为等体积的生理盐水.染毒35d后将小鼠处死,通过单细胞凝胶电泳观察外周血淋巴细胞DNA损伤情况,取小鼠一侧附睾观察精子畸形率,并取双侧肾脏做组织病理学检验.结果表明,与对照组小鼠比较,CdSQDs组和常规CdS组小鼠DNA损伤和精子畸形率均显著升高(p<0.05);CdSQDs组小鼠DNA损伤程度及精子畸形率均显著低于常规CdS组(p<0.05);组织病理切片观察显示,两种材料均可引起小鼠肾脏病变,但CdSQDs组小鼠病变程度明显轻于常规CdS组.以上结果提示,CdSQDs和常规CdS均会对小鼠产生一定程度的遗传毒性作用,但CdSQDs毒性低于相同剂量的常规CdS.     

王维诗歌色彩词的表现方法

王雏诗歌历来就有“诗中有画,画中有诗”的美誉,通过直接用色和间接用色的方法,体现出一代山水大师的非凡魅力．参7．     

基于因子分析法研究太原市土壤重金属污染的主要来源

太原市土壤的研究还处于起步阶段,尚缺乏系统的研究和探讨.基于因子分析法分析研究太原市土壤重金属污染类型及污染来源,在面积性土壤测量基础上,采用城市土壤单点样采集方法,通过测试获得了城市表层土壤中重金属元素(As、Cd、Hg、Pb、Cr、Ni、Zn、Cu)的含量数据;应用统计数手段及处理软件,采用因子分析法对太原市土壤化探数据进行详细分析研究;结合太原市工企分布情况,对比因子分析中的六个主因子,进行整理分析;研究结果充分反映出太原市作为一个典型的重化工基地和燃煤城市的污染特点,表明太原市土壤重金属污染的主要来源有四个方面,即:工矿企业污染源,燃煤污染源,交通污染源,商业活动和居民生活污染源等.     

应用遥感、GIS对稻田生态系统健康程度的监测评价研究——以长江下游平原为例

稻田生态系统是在一定时间和地区内由作物、动物、微生物和环境因素共同构成的农业生产体系,具有时空动态性,受人工调控性和环境影响很大.由于稻谷是我国最主要的粮食作物,因此稻田生态系统健康程度直接关系着稻谷产出水平和国家粮食安全.开展我国稻田生态系统健康程度的动态监测,具有十分重要的现实意义.该研究利用遥感、GIS技术快速获取和分析区域尺度范围内的地表时空信息数据的优势,建立一套能够客观全面地监测评价稻田生态系统运行状态的指标体系和评价方法.该方法主要是根据稻田生态系统的构成要素,分别建立作物长势指数(CGI)、稻田环境指数(EI)、病虫害指数(PIDI)三个指数表征这些要素.最后,确定各个指数的权重,建立生态系统健康程度综合指数(EHDCI),客观、全面地反映稻田生态系统的健康状况.这里,作物长势指数指示作物长势,通过EVI归一化计算得到.稻田环境指数分为温度指数(TI)和降水指数(PI)分别指代水、热条件对生态系统的胁迫.病虫害指数主要通过官方农业网站发布的病虫害信息确定得到.本文以长江下游平原稻田为例,对孕穗期、抽穗期、黄熟期等水稻生长     

Role of rural solid waste management in non-point source pollution control of Dianchi Lake catchments, China

In recent years, with control of the main municipal and industrial point pollution sources and implementation of cleaning for some inner pollution sources in the water body, the discharge of point source pollution decreased gradually, while non-point source pollution has become increasingly distressing in Dianchi Lake catchments. As one of the major targets in non-point source pollution control, an integrated solid waste controlling strategy combined with a technological solution and management system was proposed and implemented based on the waste disposal situation and characteristics of rural solid waste in the demonstration area. As the key technology in rural solid waste treatment, both centralized plant-scale composting and a dispersed farmer-operated waste treating system showed promise in rendering timely benefits in efficiency, large handling capacity, high quality of the end product, as well as good economic return. Problems encountered during multi-substrates co-composting such as pathogens, high moisture content, asynchronism in the decomposition of different substrates, and low quality of the end product can all be tackled. 92.5% of solid waste was collected in the demonstration area, while the treating and recycling ratio reached 87.9%, which prevented 32.2 t nitrogen and 3.9 t phosphorus per year from entering the water body of Dianchi Lake after implementation of the project.