Acute and chronic toxicities of tributyltin to various life stages of the marine polychaete Hydroides elegans

Experiments were performed to determine the acute and chronic toxicities of tributyltin (TBT) (nominal concentrations) to polychaete Hydroides elegans. Firstly, static tests were performed to examine the lethal effect of TBT on five life stages of H. elegans. The 48-h LC(50) (95% CI) for the eggs, 2-cells, trochophores, juveniles and adults was 0.18 (0.15-0.20), 0.97 (0.77-1.23), 2.36 (2.11-2.65), 2.86 (2.63-3.12) and 4.36 (4.04-4.71) microg TBT l(-1), respectively. Secondly, a 17-d static renewal chronic test was conducted to study sensitivity of the early development (egg to juvenile) to TBT. The survivorship, percent settlement and time to reach settlement were significantly reduced at 0.01 microg TBT l(-1). Effects of TBT on the juvenile growth and maturation were also studied through a 44-d chronic test. Lower survivorship and reduced tube growth were observed only at >or= 1 microg TBT l(-1), however, only H. elegans exposed to or= 0.1 microg TBT l(-1). Our results indicate that the early development of H. elegans is highly sensitive to TBT and this polychaete can be routinely employed as a test organism for both acute and chronic ecotoxicity bioassays in tropical and subtropical regions such as southern China.     

Factors associated with higher levels of injury severity in occupants of motor vehicles that were severely damaged in traffic crashes in Kentucky, 2000-2001

OBJECTIVES: The majority of motor vehicle occupants who were killed or hospitalized in crashes in Kentucky in 2000-2001 occupied vehicles that were severely damaged in the crash. Even so, overall only a small percentage of all severely damaged vehicle occupants were killed or hospitalized. The purpose was to identify occupant, vehicle, crash, and roadway/environmental factors that were associated with increased risk of severe injury in crashes where the occupant's vehicle was severely damaged. METHODS: This study probabilistically linked Kentucky's statewide motor vehicle crash and inpatient hospital discharge data files for 2000 and 2001, and selected cases representing occupants of vehicles that were reported by police as having either "severe" or "very severe" damage. For occupants who were identified through data linkage as having been hospitalized, the Injury Severity Score (ISS) was calculated using ICDMAP-90 software, and the scores were stratified into the following categories: critical (>24), severe (15-24), moderate (9-14), and mild (<9). We then created an outcome variable, injury severity level, with five levels: killed; hospitalized with at least moderate injuries (ISS = critical, severe, or moderate); hospitalized with mild injuries (ISS = mild); injured according to the police report but not hospitalized; and no apparent injury according to the police report. We performed a stepwise, ordinal logistic regression of injury severity, using independent variables identified from the existing crash literature. RESULTS: Occupant risk factors for higher levels of injury severity selected by the regression were age (risk increased with age, other factors being equal), female gender, restraint non-use, ejection from the vehicle, and driver impairment (by alcohol and/or drugs). Crash risk factors included head-on collision, collision with a fixed object, vehicle rollover, and vehicle fire. Roadway/environmental factors were federal- or state-maintained roadway and posted speed limit 89 kph (55 mph) or greater. CONCLUSIONS: Many of the identified risk factors are explicitly or implicitly mentioned in the strategic plans of key organizations involved in highway safety and injury prevention in Kentucky. Our analysis provides additional evidence of their importance, and confirms that their mitigation will reduce injury severity in crashes involving severe vehicle damage. Additionally, older occupants and female occupants showed increased risks of serious injury, but to our knowledge these factors are not currently addressed in any state plans. An opportunity exists to clarify the nature of these risks through further studies, which might lead to the identification of countermeasures specific to these populations.     

Conversion of nitrogen and carbon in enriched paddy soil by denitrification coupled with anammox in a bioelectrochemical system

The aim of this study is to investigate conversion of nitrogen and COD in enriched paddy soil by nitrification coupled with anammox process in a dual chamber bioelectrochemical system. The paddy soil was enriched for denitrification coupled with anammox by microbial consortia and was acclimatized in the cathodic chamber of microbial fuel cells(MFCs). The bioelectrochemical systems were treated with different ammonium concentrations in the cathodic chamber: the MFC with low concentration ammonium...     

DTH-单体液压支柱推护器的研制及应用

分析了回采工作面回柱放顶作业中防护措施的不足,介绍了DTH推护器的结构和现场应用效果.     

炮采工作面降尘技术的研究

炮采工作面在生产期间粉尘浓度较大 ,严重危害着生产安全和作业人员的身体健康。详细地介绍了一种炮采工作面喷雾降尘装置的设计应用和降尘效果     

氧化吹脱-离子交换处理2-萘酚生产废水研究

详细分析了2-萘酚生产废水特性,采用前置吹脱氧化,离子交换组合工艺处理并讨论了过程影响因素.实验结果表明,废水有较强的酸度和缓冲能力,在常温、流速1BV/h和正常pH条件下,COD去除率大于97%,可以回收98%以上的萘磺酸盐,采用该处理方案可有效处理2-萘酚生产废水,并可做到中间体回收、水回用,具有较高的经济和技术可行性.     

近50年来长江入海溶解硅通量变化及其影响

对大通、玉树、上海等水文气象观测站近50年来的降雨量、流量、溶解硅(Dsi)、溶 解无机氮(DIN)、溶解无机磷(DIP)、输沙量等记录资料进行分析,结果表明,近50年来长江硅 通量呈明显下降趋势,1959~1984年减少了53.33μmol/L,主要由流域内众多水利工程建设、 化肥农药等工农业生产所产生的富营养化所致;溶解硅通量与输沙量呈正相关、与DIN、DIP 呈负相关,但与流量和降雨量的相关性较复杂:当流量、降雨量分别小于27 386m³/s、1210 m m/a时为正相关,当流量、降雨量分别大于27 386m³/s、1210mm/a时为负相关.这种现象将可 能导致长江口和东海的生物营养盐限制因素由N限制、P限制向Si限制发展.     

工业废弃地再开发的可持续性评价方法回顾

可持续发展取得共识后,可持续性评价工具大量出现,工业废弃地再开发中也广泛应用.根据对可持续性理解的不同,工业废弃地再开发的可持续性评价方法可以分为目标驱动型和过程驱动型两大类型:目标驱动型往往扩展为"目标-指标评价法",而且根据目标的差异,可以分为单项和综合方法,后者可分为制度性和参与性框架,参与性框架又可以分为自上而下型和自下而上型;过程驱动型包括SEA驱动型和EIA驱动型,前者往往与相关的土地规划有关,后者通常以项目为基础.总之,工业废弃地再开发可持续性评价方法的演进与其基础理论演变和社会变化有密切关系,一方面日益与开发和决策过程相结合,另一方面也更加关注公共参与.借鉴各国工业废弃地可持续再开发的经验,把握可持续性评价的发展趋势,将促进我国城市土地资源的可持续利用,有利于构建"资源集约型"、"环境友好型"的循环型社会.     

近25年山西植被指数时空变化特征分析

在遥感及地理信息系统技术支持下,利用1982-2006年8 km×8 km的NASA/GIMMs植被指数(NDVI)数据,采用多种方法分析了山西高原近25 a来植被指数的时空动态变化规律.结果表明:①25 a来,山西省年均NDVI基本在0.33上下呈波动中上升趋势,表明山西高原植被活动在增强;②从季节变化来看,山西省春季和秋季的植被都在增加,冬季上升趋势较弱,夏季变化很小,呈现极弱的递减趋势;③空间上,植被指数南部好于北部,山区好于平原;④从植被变化趋势图中也可以看出植被呈现总体变好趋势,其中北部变好趋势明显,其次是南部;⑤植被年际变化表现出较为一致的变化趋势以及较为明显中部和南北反相的局地变化特征.     

废气中有机污染物的危害及治理措施

废气中有机污染物种类繁多,数量庞大,对人身体危害严重.本文从污染源排放角度论述了污染物排放的种类,介绍了目前应用较广的治理设施、途径和方法,从源头上降低污染物的排放浓度和排放量,对环境造成的污染降至最低.