湖南省四水流域水沙周期特征及其影响因素分析

采用复小波变换和M K非参数检验的方法分析了湖南省四水流域主要控制站1951~2011年径流量与输沙量周期规律和突变特征。结果表明：(1)湖南四水径流量存在多个波动增加和波动减少的波动变化现象,但无显著变化趋势;而输沙量虽然有一定的波动,但总体上呈波动减少变化态势,而且下降趋势较显著;(2)湘潭站、桃江站和桃源站径流量和输沙量存在20~25 a的第一主周期,而石门站径流量和输沙量的第一主周期不具有一致性,径流量主周期为2 a,输沙量主周期为13 a,但其径流量和输沙量第二、三主周期变化规律相吻合,均为3~5 a的周期;(3)大量的水利工程建设是导致输沙量减少的主要原因,径流量的变化与降水的变化规律较为一致     

中国能源强度变动的就业效应研究

能源强度反映了能源的利用效率,并且可以体现出一个国家及地区的经济发展水平、产业结构和技术进步的综合作用。本文在1995-2009年各省份数据的基础上,利用面板VAR模型脉冲响应函数和面板协整模型分析中国区域能源强度与就业之间的动态作用及其长期均衡关系。结果显示,能源强度与就业之间存在着长期均衡关系;能源强度对就业总量和就业变动率有着负向的冲击,能源强度的降低可以有效拉动中国就业的提高。各个省份之间的能源强度对于中国就业的影响存在显著的差异;影响作用由西向东呈现出梯度递增的趋势。因此,建议通过扩大经济增长的规模降低能源强度,提高就业水平;东部地区应侧重于提高能源利用效率及发展第三产业来增加就业,而中西部地区可以适度降低能源的消费总量,并不会对就业产生较大的冲击;另外,在政策制定和实施过程中,需要注意政策的时滞效应,通过优化工业布局,加强区域间的合作,实现能源强度变动与就业增加的良性互动。     

不同密度螺-草结构对养殖尾水净化效果的比较研究

为减少水产养殖污染物排放,以苦草为对照组,构建环棱螺螺 草生态系统净化池塘养殖尾水,比较不同密度螺 草结构对养殖尾水的净化效果,同时探讨螺草互作对水质的影响。结果表明不同密度螺 草组合对养殖尾水均有较好的净化效果,以中密度组（螺密度50 ind/m3）的去除效果最优,25 d对Chl a、CODMn、TN、TP、NH4+ N、NO3- N和浊度的去除率分别达到98%、39.7%、44.2%、86.9%、58.2%、82.3%和91%,其中以17~25 d的营养物质去除率最高,水质由原来的Ⅳ类、Ⅴ类水提升为Ⅲ类水;环棱螺 苦草互作对水体的净化效果与苦草对照组差异不显著,表明其互利关系不明显;环棱螺 苦草组合对CODMn和TN的去除效果不是很理想,可能是由于实验中以黄土为底泥,其中的异养微生物较少引起的     

Characterizing the risk assessment of heavy metals and sampling uncertainty analysis in paddy field by geostatistics and GIS

For many practical problems in environmental management, information about soil heavy metals, relative to threshold values that may be of practical importance is needed at unsampled sites. The Hangzhou-Jiaxing-Huzhou (HJH) Plain has always been one of the most important rice production areas in Zhejiang province, China, and the soil heavy metal concentration is directly related to the crop quality and ultimately the health of people. Four hundred and fifty soil samples were selected in topsoil in HJH Plain to characterize the spatial variability of Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr and Cd. Ordinary kriging and lognormal kriging were carried out to map the spatial patterns of heavy metals and disjunctive kriging was used to quantify the probability of heavy metal concentrations higher than their guide value. Cokriging method was used to minimize the sampling density for Cu, Zn and Cr. The results of this study could give insight into risk assessment of environmental pollution and decision-making for agriculture.     

Cd(Ⅱ)-邻菲咯啉络合物极谱吸附波测定水中微量镉

在ＰＨ＝４．７４的０．２ｍｏｌ／ＨＡｃ－ＮａＡｃ缓冲体系中,Ｃｄ（Ⅱ）－邻菲咯啉络合物在单扫描波极谱仪上于－０．７９Ｖ处产生一灵敏的吸附还原波,其二次微分极谱波灵敏度高,波形好。     

复合菌系RXS中木质纤维素降解酶类分析

复合菌系RXS能分泌多种木质纤维素降解酶,为探究这些酶在木薯渣降解中的作用,对RXS的培养时间、酶作用的温度和pH值,以及添加金属离子对酶活性和降解效果的影响进行了研究。结果表明,在培养48 h后,木聚糖酶(Xylanase)、滤纸酶(FPAase)和内切葡聚糖酶(CMCase)酶活性均达到最大值(分别为56.02 U/m L、3.14U/m L和6.78 U/m L),pH=6.0(FPAase和Xylanase的最适pH值)、温度为55℃(FPAase和CMCase酶活性最高)条件下,RXS酶液处理可使木薯渣的失重率达到18.78%,纤维素和半纤维素质量分数分别由31.46%和20.19%下降到22.12%和12.23%。添加Cu~(2+)有效地抑制了酶液中FPAase和Xylanase的酶活性,木薯渣几乎不降解,纤维素和半纤维素组分质量分数基本不发生变化;分别添加Co~(2+)和Zn~(2+)时,对3种酶均有一定程度的抑制,木薯渣失重率仅为3.29%和4.70%;分别添加Fe~(2+)、Mg~(2+)时,FPAase酶活性被抑制,Xylanase与CMCase共同降解底物,木薯渣失重率分别达12.77%和15.81%,纤维素和半纤维素质量分数明显降低。研究表明,Xylanase与CMCase是复合菌系中降解木薯渣的关键酶,其协同作用可使木薯渣有效降解。     

隧道内偏置火源顶棚近壁面温度边界层效应研究

基于隧道火灾不同横向火源位置的非对称卷吸影响,通过模拟计算分析了中心火源和偏置火源产生的烟气沿纵向最大温升变化规律,研究了顶棚下方近壁面区域内的不同温度分布,提出偏置火源纵向空间最大顶棚温升公式。结果表明:在壁面黏性作用下,沿纵向蔓延的烟气最高温度在顶棚下方呈现“温度边界层”分布;随着火源位置的偏移,下游出现偏置距离起主导作用影响温度衰减的区域,衰减速度相较于中心火源逐渐降低;火源下游近壁面最高温度位置逐渐远离顶棚后趋于稳定。研究结果对于排烟方式的设计以及空间通风效果的提升有着重要意义。     

Function of Agricultural Land Use and Its Evolvement in Peri-urban Area: A Case Study of Beijing

Abstract

Rapid urbanization in Beijing stimulates the urban land expansion and diminishes available agricultural land. Monofunctional agricultural land use can not meet the demand of the development of the multifunctional agriculture and urbanization any more, so multifunctional agricultural land use is going to be promoted in the city. This article proposes the evolvement of the land use change from 1992 to 2004 and discusses some evolvement views.     

Integrating ecosystem services evaluation and landscape pattern analysis into urban planning based on scenario prediction and regression model

ABSTRACT

Urban planning has become a widely concern for minimizing the negative effects of urban expansion on terrestrial ecosystems. We developed an interdisciplinary modeling framework to evaluate the effectiveness and shortcomings of urban expansion management strategies. A three-step method was applied to Yinchuan Plain in the northwestern of China, including (1) analyzing the relationship between landscape pattern and ecosystem service values through mathematical statistics; (2) predicting landscape pattern and ecosystem services change under different scenarios based on cellular automaton model (SLEUTH-3r model); and (3) designing and validating optimized scenario through integrating historical analysis experiments and future multi-comparison suggestions. Results have suggested that landscape composition and configuration can significantly affect regional ecosystem service values, especially the connectivity and shape of landscape. Compact urban growth policy and medium environment protection policy are the appropriate setting for urban expansion plan. Optimization validation of the combined designed scenario implied the reliability of this method. Our results highlighted the significance of integrating application of landscape pattern analysis, ecosystem service value evaluation, model simulation and multi-scenario prediction in urban planning.     

长江经济带战略性新兴产业创新能力时空演化及空间溢出效应

基于产业创新指数,运用空间计量模型对2001～2016年长江经带战略性新兴产业创新能力发展水平时空演化格局及溢出效应深入分析。研究发现:(1)长江经济带战略性新兴产业创新能力总体增幅迅猛,但空间差异总体呈扩大态势。创新能力空间非均衡性特征显著,"东强西弱"地带性格局稳固;(2)长江经济带战略性新兴产业创新能力存在显著的空间正相关,长三角地区形成稳定的热点区,冷点区域增加,环城市群地带形成稳定的冷点区;(3)战略性新兴产业各细分产业创新能力发展状态不一,高端装备制造产业、新材料产业、新能源汽车产业呈多核心轴带模式演化,新一代信息技术产业呈单中心极化模式演化,节能环保产业、生物产业、新能源产业呈多核心组团模式演化;(4)战略性新兴产业创新能力存在空间溢出效应,除人力资源外,经济发展水平、产业结构、政府政策、对外联系水平、创新环境产生明显正向效应。