施用生物质炭对黑土黑碳含量和结构特征的影响

生物质炭(Biochar,Bc)是黑碳(Black Carbon,BC)的一种,当前关于生物质炭在农业上的研究大都集中在其对土壤理化性质和作物生长的影响,而关于施用生物质炭对土壤黑碳结构和数量影响的研究很少.为了解施用生物质炭对土壤黑碳的影响,本试验采用盆栽试验的方法,设置4个处理,施加生物质炭量分别为0(CK)、6、12和24 t·hm-2,采用Wolbach-Anders法对土壤中的黑碳进行提取,运用元素分析、红外光谱和热重分析等方法研究了不同施入量的生物质炭对土壤黑碳产生的影响.实验结果表明:施用玉米秸秆生物质炭能明显增加土壤中黑碳的含量,随着生物质炭施用量的增加,不同处理相对于对照(CK)中土壤黑碳含量分别提升7.04%、22.96%和46.90%.施用玉米秸秆生物质炭降低了黑碳的脂族性、氧化性,提升了黑碳的缩合度、芳化度,提高了黑碳结构的稳定性,提高了土壤黑碳的热稳定性.施用玉米秸秆生物质炭能够提高p H,提高土壤的速效养分含量.     

梁子湖沉积物重金属污染现状分析及风险评价

采集了梁子湖柱状沉积物,分析了Cd、Sn、As、Cu、V、Zn、Ni、Cr、Co、TI、Pb和Mo 12种重金属元素的含量及空间分布,并对其污染源进行解析,最后对重金属的生态风险作出评价.结果表明,在空间分布上,东部湖区存在严重的重金属污染问题,其中,Cd的平均含量达到0.80 mg·kg~(-1),是湖北省土壤背景值的4.66倍;Sn和As平均含量分别为6.35 mg·kg~(-1)和35 mg·kg~(-1),已经超过湖北省土壤背景值近2倍;在垂直分布上,Cd和Zn在0~20 cm深度上富集现象明显,平均含量分别为0.67 mg·kg~(-1)和116 mg·kg~(-1).富集系数EF值表明,Cd、Sn、As主要来自人为污染.单一重金属潜在生态风险指数Eri值范围在3~140之间,以Cd污染最严重,Eri平均值为140,表现为较重生态风险,其他11种元素均为低等生态风险水平.综合生态风险指数RI值显示,梁子湖整体处于中度污染水平,其中,东部湖区风险程度最大.梁子湖作为武汉市备用水源地,沉积物重金属Cd、Sn、As含量过高将威胁湖水质量,危及水生态安全和人体健康.     

Removal of nutrients and veterinary antibiotics from swine wastewater by a constructed macrophyte floating bed system

The potential of three varieties of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.), Dryan, Tachimasari and Waseyutaka, to improve the water quality of swine wastewater was evaluated using a constructed macrophyte floating bed system. With respect to reductions in levels of nutrients, chemical oxygen demand (COD), and sulfonamide antimicrobials (SAs, including sulfadiazine, sulfamethazine, and sulfamethoxazole), Dryan performed better than Tachimasari and Waseyutaka. For Dryan, total N was reduced by 84.0%, total P by 90.4%, COD by 83.4% and sulfonamide antimicrobials by 91.8–99.5%. Similar results were observed for Tachimasari and Waseyutaka. The results indicated that the treatment of swine wastewater using the constructed macrophyte floating bed system was effective in the removal of nutrients and veterinary antibiotics.     

Biodegradation of nicosulfuron by the bacterium Serratia marcescens N80

By enrichment culturing of the sludge collected from the industrial wastewater treatment pond, we isolated a highly efficient nicosulfuron degrading bacterium Serratia marcescens N80. In liquid medium, Serratia marcescens N80 grows using nicosulfuron as the sole nitrogen source, and the optimal temperature, pH values, and inoculation for degradation are 30–35°C, 6.0–7.0, and 3.0% (v/v), respectively. With the initial concentration of 10 mg L^?1, the degradation rate is 93.6% in 96 hours; as the initial concentrations are higher than 10 mg L^?1, the biodegradation rates decrease as the nicosulfuron concentrations increase; when the concentration is 400 mg L^?1, the degradation rate is only 53.1%. Degradation follows the pesticide degradation kinetic equation at concentrations between 5 mg L^?1 and 50 mg L^?1. Identification of the metabolites by the liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) indicates that the degradation of nicosulfuron is achieved by breaking the sulfonylurea bridge. The strain N80 also degraded some other sulfonylurea herbicides, including ethametsulfuron, tribenuron-methyl, metsulfuron-methyl, chlorimuron-ethyl,and rimsulfuron.     

循环经济是发展低碳经济的基本路径

低碳经济是一种新的经济发展模式，是我国建设资源节约型、环境友好型社会，实现可持续发展的重要途径。论述了“低碳经济”提出的大背景，以及我国发展低碳经济所面临的严峻挑战。指出循环经济是发展低碳经济的基本路径。     

Accumulation and transportation of copper in different ecotypes of Leersia hexandra Swartz

ABSTRACT

This study used hydroponics with different copper (Cu) concentrations to assess metal accumulation and growth in two different populations of Leersia hexandra Swartz, one obtained from a contaminated area (CP) and the other from a non-contaminated area (NCP). Data demonstrated that Cu exerted a lesser effect on the biomass of CP than NCP. The root and shoot biomass measurements of CP were significantly higher than those noted at NCP. Copper concentration in the tissues of L. hexandra from CP increased markedly correlated with the concentration of metal in the culture solution, and this trend was stronger than that in NCP. Copper concentrations in roots and shoots were significantly higher in CP than NCP. As Cu stress levels in the culture solution rose, the transport coefficient of both populations decreased. Furthermore, the coefficient of CP was significantly higher than NCP. At a Cu concentration of 38.4 mg/L, the transfer factor value of CP is 40% higher than NCP. In summary, CP showed higher accumulation and resistance to Cu compared with NCP.     

高炉煤气洗涤水氰化物产生及控制对策探讨

通过分析高炉煤气洗涤水氰化物的产生机理,探讨了湘钢1#高炉煤气洗涤水氰化物超标的主要原因,结合高炉煤气洗涤水处理氰化物的治理现状,提出了相应的治理对策.     

次贷危机影响下我国国内增加值及就业发展态势

2008年7月份以来进出口增速的快速下滑是美国次贷危机及中国前期抑制过热的宏观政策共同作用的结果.本文分析了二者对我国外贸时滞性影响的机理,利用反映加工贸易特点的非竞争型投入占用产出模型测算了次贷危机背景下出口对我国国内增加值及就业的影响,并通过态势预测对这一影响的程度做出了估计.分析结果表明,中国加工出口的国内增加值对出口变化的敏感性强于非加工出口,旅游、文体娱乐、石油加工、纺织、服装制造等部门对出口变动最为敏感.由于次贷危机通过贸易渠道影响我国经济的传导机制以及国家经济刺激政策从实施到效果显现均具有时滞性,预计明年进出口增速将大幅下滑.2008年总出口产生的直接国内增加值将少增200亿美元左右,在参考情景中将影响2008年直接就业792.7万人.2009年进出口增速预计将进一步下滑,其对国内增加值和就业的影响将更为明显.     

安全阀失效模糊综合评价方法的研究

针对安全阀在实际使用过程中的失效涉及诸多因素影响的特点,运用模糊综合评价的数学模型,将安全阀失效的相关影响因素作为因素集,把可能产生故障的元件作为评价集,按照权重的大小对安全阀的故障进行综合评价,以提高维修人员对安全阀故障的判断能力和综合检修能力,达到设备稳定运行的目的。     

木工机械引发事故原因与预防措施

介绍木制品加工过程中的危险、有害因素，分析木工机械引发事故的原因，提出一些预防事故发生的措施．