内质网应激介导的凋亡在PBDE-47致大鼠海马损伤中的作用

为了明确内质网应激(endoplasmic reticulum stress,ERS)介导的凋亡在2,2’,4,4’-四溴联苯醚(2,2’,4,4’-tetrabromodiphenylether,PBDE-47)致大鼠神经毒性中的作用,在脑发育的突增期(出生第10天),分别用0 mg·kg~(-1)、1 mg·kg~(-1)、5 mg·kg~(-1)和10mg·kg~(-1)PBDE-47进行单次灌胃染毒,并从出生第8天开始每天给予150 mg·kg~(-1)ERS抑制剂4-苯基丁酸(phenylbutyric acid,PBA),持续3周。仔鼠出生第8周末,从对照组、10 mg·kg~(-1)PBDE-47处理组、150 mg·kg~(-1)PBA处理组和150 mg·kg~(-1)PBA+10mg·kg~(-1)PBDE处理组中随机选取8只大鼠进行水迷宫实验。然后将所有动物断头处死,分离大鼠海马组织,观察其海马组织形态学改变、测定ERS标志分子(GRP78、IRE1和CHOP)和凋亡相关蛋白Cyt c的表达水平。结果显示,10 mg·kg~(-1)PBDE-47处理可导致雌性大鼠海马CA4区细胞排列紊乱、锥形神经细胞数量减少甚至消失,尼氏小体数量减少,大鼠逃避潜伏期延长(P0.05)。5和10 mg·kg~(-1)PBDE-47处理可显著上调ERS相关蛋白IRE1和CHOP的表达水平(P0.05),并明显增强海马组织凋亡相关蛋白Cyt c的表达。PBA干预可明显降低PBDE-47诱导的IRE1和CHOP以及Cyt c蛋白的表达水平,提示PBDE-47可通过ERS介导凋亡,导致大鼠海马组织损伤,从而影响大鼠学习记忆功能。     

纹缟虾虎鱼对Cu~(2+)、Cd~(2+)和氨氮的毒性响应和敏感性分析

以纹缟虾虎鱼为受试生物,分别进行了Cu~(2+)、Cd~(2+)和氨氮为环境因子的急性毒性实验和氨氮慢性暴露实验,结合文献数据分析纹缟虾虎鱼对3种污染物的敏感性。结果表明,Cu~(2+)、Cd~(2+)和氨氮对纹缟虾虎鱼的EC50分别为4.527、40.408和63.182mg·L~(-1)。组织切片结果显示,氨氮暴露能够引起纹缟虾虎鱼肝组织结构退化,组织细胞畸变,其损伤程度随着氨氮浓度的升高而加剧。氨氮暴露对肠管未见明显影响。敏感性分析结果表明,纹缟虾虎鱼对Cu~(2+)、Cd~(2+)和氨氮的累积概率分别为83.33%、96.27%和90.48%,均表现为不敏感。在Cu~(2+)、Cd~(2+)和氨氮对海洋生物的敏感性排名中,纹缟虾虎鱼分别在第31/35、32/32和19/20位。在8~12种海洋鱼类中,纹缟虾虎鱼对上述3种污染物的敏感性都处在较低水平。     

Characteristics and mixing state of S-rich particles in haze episodes in Beijing

Direct individual analysis using Scanning Electron Microscopy combined with online observation was conducted to examine the S-rich particles in PM_2.5 of two typical polluted haze episodes in summer and winter from 2014 to 2015 in Beijing. Four major types of S-rich particles, including secondary CaSO₄ particles (mainly observed in summer), S-rich mineral particles (SRM), S-rich water droplets (SRW) and (C, O, S)-rich particles (COS) were identified.We found the different typical morphologies and element distributions of S-rich particles and considered that (C, O, S)-rich particles had two major mixing states in different seasons. On the basis of the S-rich particles’ relative abundances, S concentrations and their relationships with PM_2.5 as well as the seasonal comparison, we revealed that the S-participated formation degrees of SRM and SRW would enhance with increasing PM_2.5 concentration. Moreover, C-rich matter and sulfate had seasonally different but significant impacts on the formation of COS.

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基于SCS水文模型的泥石流预报模型在四川宝兴冷木沟的应用

2013年4月20日四川芦山7.0级地震后,四川省宝兴县冷木沟沟道内新增大量崩塌、滑坡物源,在强降雨的诱发下,极易发生泥石流灾害,且沟口直面县城,直接威胁着整个县城的生命、财产安全。利用SCS水文模型,根据冷木沟流域的地貌特征将其划分成17个子流域,在子流域不同的土地利用数据及水文土壤条件下进行产流、汇流计算,最后通过叠加得到冷木沟流域出口断面的汇流过程;对2012年8月18日发生的泥石流汇流过程进行探讨预测,结果显示,本次泥石流的洪峰流量为278m³/s,泥石流总量为20.2×104m³,计算得到的泥石流总量与实际调查结果的相对误差为7.8%;用同一方法预测2013年5月23日冷木沟支沟黑沟的泥石流汇流过程,计算的洪峰流量为38.2 m³/s,与实际监测值的相对误差为4.2%。说明此模型对于冷木沟流域具有适用性,且效果较好,可用于宝兴县冷木沟泥石流的流量预测及泥石流灾害规模预测,将对宝兴县的泥石流防灾减灾工作提供科学指导。     

城市污泥堆肥用作草坪基质研究进展

针对城市污泥堆肥特点,阐述了国内外城市污泥堆肥用作草坪基质的研究现状。总结了污泥堆肥用于草坪生产存在的问题,并认为研究重点应放在污泥堆肥混合基质的组成、水肥管理技术、草种的筛选、规范堆肥生产和草坪质量综合评价标准及可能存在的环境问题等方面。另外,需要加大高新技术的投入促进产业化,以便为污泥堆肥用作草坪基质提供确实的理论指导和技术支持。     

输氧抽气技术在垃圾填埋场治理中的关键参数试验研究

输氧抽气技术是基于好氧降解原理对垃圾填埋场中固体废弃物实施原位处理的先进环保技术。采用该技术对垃圾填埋场中固体废弃物减量化研究,总结了技术应用中的关键参数:有效影响半径,最佳真空度等。结果表明抽气流量大小与影响半径密切相关,抽气影响半径建议取20~25 m,抽气系统最优负压为20 k Pa,同时在技术应用过程中应保证垃圾场表层覆盖层的密封性能,尽量减少空气的渗入。输氧抽气技术在垃圾场的成功实施为同类型场地治理提供工程技术参考。     

蚯蚓土壤填料生态滤池处理生活污水

采用二级蚯蚓土壤填料生态滤池对生活污水进行处理,考察其对污水中各类污染物的去除效果。连续运行90d,试验结果表明:滤池运行稳定,对COD、TP、NH3-N、TN和SS的去除效果良好,平均去除率分别为78.7%、93.4%、74.9%、60.4%和87.5%,出水满足GB 1898—2002《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》二级标准。滤池二级串联结构设计系统稳定,改善了出水水质。蚯蚓在试验初期对滤池环境可较好较快的适应,维持了滤池的稳定运行。土壤生态处理技术工艺简单,兼具经济实用和规模灵活的优点,适合推广。     

Optimizing synthesis conditions of nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) through aqueous reactivity assessment

Nanoscale iron particles (nZVI) is one of the most important engineered nanomaterials applied to environmental pollution control and abatement. Although a multitude of synthesis approaches have been proposed, a facile method to screen the reactivity of candidate nZVI materials produced using different methods or under varying synthesis conditions has yet been established. In this study, four reaction parameters were adjusted in the preparation of borohydride-reduced nZVI. The reductive properties of the resultant nanoparticles were assayed independently using two model aqueous contaminants, Cu(II) and nitrate. The results confirm that the reductive reactivity of nZVI is most sensitive to the initial concentration of iron precursor, borohydride feed rate, and the loading ratio of borohydride to ferric ion during particle synthesis. Solution mixing speed, in contrast, carries a relative small weight on the reactivity of nZVI. The two probing reactions (i.e., Cu(II) and nitrate reduction) are able to generate consistent and quantitative inference about the mass-normalized surface activity of nZVI. However, the nitrate assay is valid in dilute aqueous solutions only (50 mg·L⁻¹ or lower) due to accelerated deactivation of iron surface at elevated nitrate concentrations. Additional insights including the structural and chemical makeup of nZVI can be garnered from Cu(II) reduction assessments. The reactivity assays investigated in this study can facilitate screening of candidate materials or optimization of nZVI production parameters, which complement some of the more sophisticated but less chemically specific material characterization methods used in the nZVI research.     

断路器并联电容器离子性缺陷介损特性分析

对 JWF150-1500 型和 JWF150-0.0015GHW 型断路器并联电容器进行高压介质损耗试验,发现部分断路器并联电容器随电压升高介损值变化明显,存在离子性缺陷。通过数据和理论分析,解释了断路器并联电容器介质损耗随电压变化的原因及离子性缺陷对断路器并联电容器影响,并提出有效解决措施。结果表明:例行试验与投运前试验时 10 kV 下 tanδ 测量值偏差较大,且高压介损随电压变化下降明显的断路器并联电容器,可认定存在离子性缺陷。