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261.
Unravelling a ‘miner’s myth’ that environmental contamination in mining towns is naturally occurring
Louise?Jane?KristensenEmail authorView authors OrcID profile
return OK on get Mark?Patrick?Taylor 《Environmental geochemistry and health》2016,38(4):1015-1027
Australia has a long history of metal mining and smelting. Extraction and processing have resulted in elevated levels of toxic metals surrounding mining operations, which have adverse health effects, particularly to children. Resource companies, government agencies and employees often construct ‘myths’ to down play potential exposure risks and responsibility arising from operating emissions. Typical statements include: contaminants are naturally occurring, the wind blows emissions away from residential areas, contaminants are not bioavailable, or the problem is a legacy issue and not related to current operations. Evidence from mining and smelting towns shows that such ‘myths’ are exactly that. In mining towns, the default and primary defence against contamination is that elevated metals in adjacent urban environments are from the erosion and weathering of the ore bodies over millennia—hence ‘naturally occurring’. Not only is this a difficult argument to unravel from an evidence-based perspective, but also it causes confusion and delays remediation work, hindering efforts to reduce harmful exposures to children. An example of this situation is from Broken Hill, New South Wales, home to one of the world’s largest lead–zinc–silver ore body, which has been mined continuously for over 130 years. Environmental metal concentration and lead isotopic data from soil samples collected from across Broken Hill are used to establish the nature and timing of lead contamination. We use multiple lines of evidence to unravel a ‘miner’s myth’ by evaluating current soil metal concentrations and lead isotopic compositions, geological data, historical environmental assessments and old photographic evidence to assess the impacts from early smelting along with mining to the surface soils in the city. 相似文献
262.
Andreas P. Modlmeier Carl N. Keiser Taylor A. Shearer Jonathan N. Pruitt 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2014,68(12):1929-1937
The success of a social group is often driven by its collective characteristics and the traits of its individuals. Thus, understanding how collective behavior is influenced by the behavioral composition of group members is an important first step to understand the ecology of collective personalities. Here, we investigated how the efficiency of several group behaviors is influenced by the aggressiveness of its members in two species of Temnothorax ants. In our manipulation of group composition, we created two experimentally reconstituted groups in a split-colony design, i.e., each colony was split into an aggressive and a docile group of equal sizes. We found strong species-specific differences in how collective behaviors were influenced by its group members. In Temnothorax longispinosus, having more aggressive individuals improved colony defense and nest relocation efficiency. In addition, source colony identity strongly influenced group behavior in T. longispinosus, highlighting that manipulations of group compositions must control for the origin of the chosen individuals. In contrast, group composition and source colony did not influence collective behaviors in Temnothorax curvispinosus. This suggests that the mechanisms regulating collective behaviors via individual differences in behavior might differ among even closely related species. 相似文献
263.
Macrofauna living on subtidal rocks reefs in southern California excrete ammonium, a potentially important nutrient for benthic algae. Ammonium excretion rates of eleven macroinvertebrate and five fish taxa were determined from a total of 324 in situ incubations conducted between October 1984 and August 1985 at 14 to 17 m depths off Santa Catalina Island, California. Total ammonium excretion ranged from over 100 mol h-1 by the kelp bass Paralabrax clathratus to less than 0.1 mol h-1 by the gastropod Conus californicus. Weight-specific ammonium excretion generally ranged from 0.5 to 4 mol g-1 h-1 in invertebrates and from 3 to 7 mol g-1 h-1 in fishes. Intraspecific excretion rates varied substantially. Coefficient of variation of excretion rates were higher than reported for laboratory studies and multiple regression indicated that 50 to 90% of the variation in ammonium excretion rates of five species studied in detail could not be explained by the combined variation in dry weight, water temperature, time of day, and incubation dates. The excretion data, along with estimates of population densities and size-frequency distributions, indicate that benthic macrofauna release a total of 25 to 30 mol NH
4
+
m-2 h-1 both day and night. The species that generally make the largest contributions are a gobiid fish (Lythrypnus dalli), followed by three gastropods (Astraea undosa, Tegula eiseni, and T. aureotincta) and a sea urchin (Centrostephanus coronatus). The amount of ammonium excreted by these macrofauna on rocky reefs is insignificant compared to our previously published data on the nighttime excretion of blacksmith (Chromis punctipinnis), a pomacentrid fish that feeds in the water column during the day and shelters on the reef at night. Including blacksmiths, we estimate that the amount released by rocky-reef macrofauna at night is >280 mol m-2 h-1, a rate that is similar to that for many other marine communities. Additional studies are required to determine if benthic algae utilize ammonium released by these macrofauna, especially at night.Contribution No. 58 of the Ocean Studies Institute; Contribution No. 123 of the Catalina Marine Science Center 相似文献
264.
265.
Grismore R Rosen AZ Llewellyn RA Taylor JS 《Journal of environmental radioactivity》2001,53(2):231-239
The space blanket mitt which covered the Trek detector on Mir during four years of orbital flight has been measured for gamma radiation with HPGe and multidimensional spectrometers. Difference spectra from very-long-period spectrometer runs on the mitt and on a similar non-deployed mitt from the same manufacturer show that the mitt has acquired small but significant amounts of gamma radioactivity during orbital flight. Twelve gamma-ray peaks have been measured in the difference spectra, including peaks identified as due to 214Bi and 214Pb from the uranium-radium alpha decay series, and others possibly due to the uranium-actinium series. This implies the presence of a sparse population of uranium decay products in lower orbital space which can only have come from nuclear explosions, burned-up satellite nuclear batteries, the solar wind, or supernova fragments in the local interstellar medium. 相似文献
266.
Barton L Schipper LA Barkle GF McLeod M Speir TW Taylor MD McGill AC van Schaik AP Fitzgerald NB Pandey SP 《Journal of environmental quality》2005,34(2):635-643
Land application has become a widely applied method for treating wastewater. However, it is not always clear which soil-plant systems should be used, or why. The objectives of our study were to determine if four contrasting soils, from which the pasture is regularly cut and removed, varied in their ability to assimilate nutrients from secondary-treated domestic effluent under high hydraulic loadings, in comparison with unirrigated, fertilized pasture. Grassed intact soil cores (500 mm in diameter by 700 mm in depth) were irrigated (50 mm wk(-1)) with secondary-treated domestic effluent for two years. Soils included a well-drained Allophanic Soil (Typic Hapludand), a poorly drained Gley Soil (Typic Endoaquept), a well-drained Pumice Soil formed from rhyolitic tephra (Typic Udivitrand), and a well-drained Recent Soil formed in a sand dune (Typic Udipsamment). Effluent-irrigated soils received between 746 and 815 kg N ha(-1) and 283 and 331 kg P ha(-1) over two years of irrigation, and unirrigated treatments received 200 kg N ha(-1) and 100 kg P ha(-1) of dissolved inorganic fertilizer over the same period. Applying effluent significantly increased plant uptake of N and P from all soil types. For the effluent-irrigated soils plant N uptake ranged from 186 to 437 kg N ha(-1) yr(-1), while plant P uptake ranged from 40 to 88 kg P ha(-1) yr(-1) for the effluent-irrigated soils. Applying effluent significantly increased N leaching losses from Gley and Recent Soils, and after two years ranged from 17 to 184 kg N ha(-1) depending on soil type. Effluent irrigation only increased P leaching from the Gley Soil. All P leaching losses were less than 49 kg P ha(-1) after two years. The N and P leached from effluent treatments were mainly in organic form (69-87% organic N and 35-65% unreactive P). Greater N and P leaching losses from the irrigated Gley Soil were attributed to preferential flow that reduced contact between the effluent and the soil matrix. Increased N leaching from the Recent Soil was the result of increased leaching of native soil organic N due to the higher hydraulic loading from the effluent irrigation. 相似文献
267.
Thomas C. Brown Jonathan G. Taylor Bo Shelby 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1991,27(6):979-989
ABSTRACT: A variety of methods have been used to learn about the relation between streamfiow and recreation quality. Regardless of method, nearly all studies found a similar nonlinear relation of recreation to flow, with quality increasing with flow to a point, and then decreasing for further increases in flow. Points of minimum, optimum, and maximum flow differ across rivers and activities. Knowledge of the effects of streamflow on recreation, for the variety of relevant activities and skill levels, is an important ingredient in the determination of wise streamflow policies. 相似文献
268.
Motallebi N Taylor CA Croes BE 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2003,53(12):1517-1530
Geographic and temporal variations in the concentration and composition of particulate matter (PM) provide important insights into particle sources, atmospheric processes that influence particle formation, and PM management strategies. In the nonurban areas of California, annual-average PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations range from 3 to 10 microg/m3 and from 5 to 18 microg/m3, respectively. In the urban areas of California, annual-averages for PM2.5 range from 7 to 30 microg/m3, with observed 24-hr peaks reaching levels as high as 160 microg/m3. Within each air basin, exceedances are a mixture of isolated events as well as periods of elevated PM2.5 concentrations that are more prolonged and regional in nature. PM2.5 concentrations are generally highest during the winter months. The exception is the South Coast Air Basin, where fairly high values occur throughout the year. Annual-average PM2.5 mass, as well as the concentrations of major components, declined from 1988 to 2000. The declines are especially pronounced for the sulfate (SO4(2-)) and nitrate (NO3-) components of PM2.5 and PM10) and correlate with reductions in ambient levels of oxides of sulfur (SOx) and oxides of nitrogen (NOx). Annual averages for PM10-2.5 and PM10 exhibited similar downwind trends from 1994 to 1999, with a slightly less pronounced decrease in the coarse fraction. 相似文献
269.
Urban-wildland issues have become among the most contentious and problematic issues for forest managers. Using data drawn
from surveys conducted by the authors and others, this article discusses how public knowledge and perceptions of fire policies
and fire hazards change over time, the kinds of policy responses homeowners prefer as a way of preventing fire hazards at
the urban-wildland interface, and how citizens view their own obligations as participants in interface issues. These data
show that public attitudes toward fire have changed significantly over the past two decades and that educating the public
about fire and the managers' use of fire can have positive effects on behavior. Yet, modifying the individual's behavior in
regard to interface fire risks must also deal with important issues of individual incentives, the distribution of costs, and
unanticipated policy impacts. 相似文献
270.
Robert L. Beschta R. Lynn Taylor 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1988,24(1):19-25
ABSTRACT: The Salmon Creek Watershed drains 325 km2 of forested terrain in the Cascade Mountains of western Oregon. Over a 30–year period (from 1955 to 1984) average daily maximum and minimum stream temperatures, calculated from the 10 warmest days of each year, have risen 6°C and 2°C, respectively. In contrast, a small decrease in maximum air temperatures was found over the same period. Regression analysis indicated a highly significant (p < 0.01) relationship between a cumulative index of forest harvesting and maximum stream temperatures. Maximum temperatures also tended to increase for several years following major peak flow events. The interaction between harvest activity (logging and road construction), changing forest and riparian management practices and the occurrence of natural hydrologic events (peak flows and associated mass soil movements) tend to obscure specific cause-and-effect relationships regarding long-term changes in maximum stream temperature. 相似文献