石油污染对土壤水分特性的影响

陕北是石油工业的发祥地,在石油大规模开采运输过程中,不可避免会造成石油的泄露倾洒,从而对土壤和地下水造成一定程度的污染。为了探讨陕北地区石油污染对土壤水分特性的影响,以3种不同土质土壤(塿土、黄绵土和风沙土)为研究对象,开展了3种土壤在4个不同污染梯度(0.5%、1%、2%和4%)下的土壤润湿性试验和饱和导水率实验,同时以清洁土壤作为对照。结果表明:当土壤受石油污染时,会引起其润湿性发生变化,产生一定程度的斥水性,该变化在风沙土上表现尤为明显;石油污染使3种土壤的饱和导水率均随着污染浓度的增大而呈现下降趋势,饱和导水率虽有降低,但是对于同一土质的土壤来说,均在一个数量级内。     

Toxicity assessment and histopathological analysis of nano-ZnO against marine fish (Mugilogobius chulae) embryos

The toxicity of nano-materials has received increasing attention in recent years.Nevertheless,relatively few studies have focused on their oceanic distributions and toxicities.In this study,we assessed nano-ZnO toxicity in marine organisms using the yellowstriped goby(Mugilogobius chulae).The relative differences in nano-ZnO dissolution and dispersal in seawater and fresh water were also investigated.The effects of nano-ZnO on embryonic development,deformity,hatching,mortality,and histopathology were analyzed.In addition,the effects of the Zn~(2+) concentration on M.chulae hatching and mortality were compared.The results showed that nano-ZnO had higher solubility in seawater than in fresh water.Nano-ZnO significantly inhibited hatching.By the fifth day of exposure,the LC_(50) of nano-ZnO was 45.40 mg/L,and the mortality rate spiked.Hatching inhibition and lethality were dose-dependent over a range of1–25 mg/L nano-ZnO.Zn~(2+) inhibited hatching and increased lethality,but its effects were weaker than those of nano-ZnO at the same concentrations.Nano-ZnO also induced spinal bending,oedema,hypoplasia,and other deformities in M.chulae embryos and larvae.Histopathology revealed vacuolar degeneration,hepatocyte and enterocyte enlargement,and morphological abnormalities of the vertebrae.Therefore,nano-ZnO caused malformations in M.chulae by affecting embryonic growth and development.We conclude that nano-ZnO toxicity in seawater was significantly positively correlated with the associated Zn~(2+) concentration and sedimentary behaviour.The toxicity of nano-ZnO was cumulative and showed a critical point,beyond which embryonic and developmental toxicity in marine fish was observed.     

安全与危险纠缠理论创建及其研究

针对安全概念不统一,安全科学与技术发展相对滞后,重特大安全事故频发等问题,通过借鉴量子纠缠理论,提出了安全与危险纠缠理论学说。建立了安全与危险纠缠理论模型,阐述了其纠缠机制,明确了一个系统中的安全与危险在不同时段内存在的方式和状态:通常人们所认知的安全或危险均是系统在过去时段内以“一显一隐”的方式塌缩成确定的状态,而在现在与未来时段,它们分别是以“显性”、“隐性”的方式纠缠为不确定的状态;若该系统的“安全与危险纠缠”状态向安全方向塌缩时,系统则表现为安全,若向危险转化时,则系统表现为事故。同时,分析了“安全与危险纠缠”理论建立的对安全科学及安全生产实际意义与理论价值,及其未来展望和存在问题。     

Preparation of MgCr<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>4</Subscript> from waste tannery solution and effect of sulfate,chloride, and calcium on leachability of chromium

This paper presents a study regarding the preparation of MgCr₂O₄ from waste tannery solution, and chromium leaching behavior is also investigated with varying amounts of sulfate, chloride and calcium. The phase transformation, crystallinity index and crystallite diameter were characterized using XRD, FT-IR and thermal analysis. A well-crystallized MgCr₂O₄ was successfully prepared at 1400 °C. The sintering temperature had a major impact on the formation of MgCr₂O₄ compared with sintering time. The MgCr₂O₄ phase was observed initially at 400 °C and its crystallite diameter increased with increasing temperature. The concentration of total chromium leached and Cr(VI) decreased gradually with increasing temperature. The considerable amount of Cr(VI) was found in the leachate at 300–500 °C caused by Cr(VI) intermediary products. Sulfate and chlorine could impact the transformation efficiency of chromium adversely, and chlorine has a more significant effect than sulfate. The presence of calcium disturbed the formation of MgCr₂O₄ and new chromium species (CaCrO₄) appeared, which resulted in a sharp increase in the concentration of leached Cr(VI). Incorporating Cr(III) into the MgCr₂O₄ spinel for reusable products reduced its mobility significantly. This was demonstrated to be a promising strategy for the disposal of chromium containing waste resource.     

降水梯度序列下柠条林地土壤养分的空间变异

通过野外实地调查结合室内分析,研究陕西省境内不同降雨条件下的黄土高原同级树龄柠条林地土壤养分。结果表明,研究区土壤养分含量低,养分中有机质和全氮在降水梯度上的空间变异性显著;有机质和全氮含量在土壤剖面上表现为随着土层的加深逐渐减少,全磷含量在土壤剖面上表现为从表层到心土层逐渐降低,从心土层到底层逐渐增加;全钾含量在剖面上的规律与有机质和全氮相反;有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾含量均随着降水梯度的增加而增加;有机质含量与全氮、全钾呈现极显著正相关,与全磷呈现显著正相关关系。     

基于熵权模糊模型的土壤重金属生态风险评价

土壤重金属污染评价对于环境保护策略的制定和民众健康的防护具有重要意义。应用熵权、毒性系数和模糊数学构建了熵权模糊法评价模型,并以陕西省彬长煤化工业区为例,对其土壤重金属富集特征和潜在生态风险进行了评估。结果表明,土壤Cd、Co和Pb质量比较高,空间差异明显,建矿时间较长的工业园区土壤重金属潜在生态风险水平较高。熵权评价显示Cd为主要污染因子(权重为0.566)。模糊综合评价显示,研究区55.7%的样点为轻度污染,24.3%的样点为中度污染,无重污染和严重污染隶属样点。研究区污染程度有由轻度污染向中度污染过度的趋势。与传统污染评价指数相比,熵权法和模糊数学模型的联合应用有助于提高风险评价的准确性。     

浅谈饮用水消毒技术

当前水消毒技术主要采用氯化消毒,但由于其在消毒过程中会产生大量消毒副产物,这些副产物有的可致癌,为了提高水质以及人民的健康需要,发展了多种新兴水消毒工艺。阐述了水消毒技术的现状以及多种新的水消毒工艺。     

Mitigating greenhouse gas emissions of municipal solid waste management system: case study of Chengdu,China

Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management - Municipal solid waste management has become a worldwide concern. Chengdu municipality has decided to adopt the “zero landfilling”...     

A novel humidity regulating material hydrothermally synthetized from concrete waste

Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management - To promote the recycling of construction wastes, a low temperature (≤ 200&nbsp;℃) hydrothermal technology for solidifying...     

24小时巡逻的保障巡更系统

社会在不断的进步和发展,人们对安全防范的要求也越来越高,众多的高档住宅小区、酒店实施了"24小时全天候巡逻"许多物业公司纷纷配置了巡更系统,使全天候巡更能够得到真正的实施,每天的巡检在巡更报告面前也得到了充分的印证.巡更系统的出现不仅在以上的领域里得到了充分的应用,在铁路巡查、医院监护、油田管线、监狱巡逻等诸多方面也得到了强烈的反响,这些单位也显示出了浓厚的兴趣.但人们对巡更系统了解的还不是很透彻,影响了应用的扩展.本文在以下几个层面对巡更系统进行介绍,不妥之处欢迎指正与商榷.