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551.
A scanning electron microscope study of the mandibular morphology of boreal copepods 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Morphological details of the mandibular blades of 11 species of copepods were examined with scanning electron microscopy. The micrographs improved our understanding of the complex toothed edge of the mandibular blade, which in turn aids in identification of the copepod prey of chaetognaths by gut-content analysis. Beklemishev's discovery of siliceous tooth crowns in calanoid copepods was confirmed for most of the species examined. Long, sharp projections on the crowns of herbivorous species, and the deep grooves into which they fit on the teeth of the opposite mandible, suggest a cracking rather than a grinding function for these teeth. 相似文献
552.
Brian Miller Christen Wemmer Dean Biggins Richard Reading 《Environmental management》1990,14(6):763-769
Prairie dogs (Cynomys spp.) have been poisoned throughout this century because of grazing competition with livestock. Recent evidence showed these
early claims were exaggerated, but animal control was already entrenched in government policy. As a result, ongoing government
subsidized poisoning has reduced prairie dogs to about 2% of their former distribution. The reduction of prairie dogs diminished
species diversity in the arid grasslands of North America, including the potential extinction of the black-footed ferret (Mustela nigripes). Cost-benefit analysis revealed that poisoning costs more than any grazing benefits accrued. This analysis did not consider
the long-term costs of reversing ecosystem degradation, the intangible value of biological diversity as a public benefit,
or the depletion of biotic resources as a loss of actual or potential wealth. The government presently finances the poisoning
policy and the preservation of endangered species like the black-footed ferret, two apparently conflicting programs. We, therefore,
propose an integrated management plan that considers both interests. We propose that federal monies allocated to the poisoning
program be converted into a rebate for ranchers who manage livestock while preserving the prairie dog community. This would
redirect funds and personnel already allocated to prairie dog eradication to an incentive for ranchers who manage for livestock
and wildlife. Livestock interests and grassland biotic diversity would both benefit. 相似文献
553.
Benjamin F. McPherson Ronald L. Miller 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1990,26(1):67-80
ABSTRACT: The sources and distribution of nutrients in the Charlotte Harbor estuarine system were evaluated using nutrient dilution curve models. Except for ammonia, nutrient concentrations were highest and most variable in the rivers, and generally decreased with increasing salinity. Observed and theoretical dilution curves for phosphorus were generally in close agreement, which suggests conservative behavior. Phosphorus concentrations sagged below a straight line because phosphorus-rich water from the upper Peace River basin was diluted by tributaries in the lower basin. The concentrations of dissolved silica appeared to be conservative on some occasions. On other occasions, dissolved silica appeared to be removed at low salimties or released at higher salinities. Concentrations of ammonia were highly variable along the salinity gradient, presumably because of variations in ammonia regeneration and uptake. Concentrations of nitrite plus nitrate were well below conservative dilution curves, probably due to phy-toplankton uptake. At salinities greater than 20%, nitrite plus nitrate concentrations were usually at or below the detection limit and may limit phytoplankton productivity. Projected increased nitrogen loadings from urban development in the basin would favor undesirable increases in phytoplankton and benthic algal growth in waters where sufficient light is available. 相似文献
554.
Socioeconomic, demographic, and attitudinal factors likely to influence individual initiative to use control measures against
gypsy moth infestation in New Hampshire are examined. Data were acquired through a mail survey from 629 individuals in three
targeted towns: Bow, Conway, and Exeter. Using logit regression analysis, numerous variables are shown to be statistically
significant in influencing an individual's willingness to use control measures. The influencing factors include: the individual
knowing the difference between the gypsy moth caterpillar and the eastern tent caterpillar; the individual being a homeowner
rather than a renter; the number of acres of land accompanying the individual's dwelling; the number of trees on the individual's
property; the individual's gender; and the individual's level of income. Aesthetic damage and the nuisance caused by gypsy
moth infestation were the primary reasons for individuals to use control measures. The results from this study indicate that
the motivation behind an individual's initiative to use control measures is influenced by diverse and varying factors. The
models, methodology, and results as applied and presented here are exploratory in nature, yet could prove informative for
researchers seeking a greater understanding of the interaction between humans and insect pests. 相似文献
555.
Brian Miller Richard Reading Courtney Conway Jerome A. Jackson Michael Hutchins Noel Snyder Steve Forrest Jack Frazier Scott Derrickson 《Environmental management》1994,18(5):637-645
This paper discusses common organizational problems that cause inadequate planning and implementation processes of endangered
species recovery across biologically dissimilar species. If these problems occur, even proven biological conservation techniques
are jeopardized. We propose a solution that requires accountability in all phases of the restoration process and is based
on cooperative input among government agencies, nongovernmental conservation organizations, and the academic community. The
first step is formation of a task-oriented recovery team that integrates the best expertise into the planning process. This
interdisciplinary team should be composed of people whose skills directly address issues critical for recovery. Once goals
and procedures are established, the responsible agency (for example, in the United States, the US Fish and Wildlife Service)
could divest some or all of its obligation for implementing the plan, yet still maintain oversight by holding implementing
entities contractually accountable. Regular, periodic outside review and public documentation of the recovery team, lead agency,
and the accomplishments of implementing bodies would permit evaluation necessary to improve performance. Increased cooperation
among agency and nongovernmental organizations provided by this model promises a more efficient use of limited resources toward
the conservation of biodiversity. 相似文献
556.
Carol J. Miller Manoj Mishra 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1989,25(3):551-556
ABSTRACT: The existence and importance of macro-pores to the containment efficiency of cover clay liners at waste landfills is documented. Macro-pores exist as voids, or cracks, and act to increase the volume and rate of leakage through cover liners. Existing numerical models used to simulate flow through clay liners are shown to neglect the macro-pore aspect of the problem. Current theories of macro-pore flow developed from related areas of research are presented, and applications to the landfill liner problem are considered. 相似文献
557.
Ashley A. Weaver Kristen M. Beavers R. Caresse Hightower Sarah K. Lynch Anna N. Miller Joel D. Stitzel 《Traffic injury prevention》2015,16(7):S153-S160
Objective: Low bone quality is a contributing factor to motor vehicle crash (MVC) injury. Quantification of occupant bone mineral density (BMD) is important from an injury causation standpoint. The first aim of this study was to validate a technique for measuring lumbar volumetric BMD (vBMD) from phantomless computed tomography (CT) scans. The second aim was to apply the validated phantomless technique to quantify lumbar vBMD in Crash Injury Research and Engineering Network (CIREN) occupants for correlation with age, fracture incidence, and osteopenia/osteoporosis diagnoses.Methods: Quantitative CT (qCT) and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) were collected prospectively for 50 subjects and used to validate a technique to measure vBMD from 281 phantomless CT scans of CIREN occupants. Hounsfield unit (HU) measurements were collected from the L1–L5 vertebrae, right psoas major muscle, and anterior subcutaneous fat for all subjects and from 3 phantom ports with known mg/cc calcium hydroxyapatite values for the validation group. qCT calibration was accomplished using regressions between the phantom HU and mg/cc values to convert L1–L5 HU values to mg/cc. A phantomless calibration technique was developed where the fat and muscle HU values were linearly regressed against fat (?69 mg/cc) and muscle (77 mg/cc) to establish a conversion for L1–L5 HU measurements to mg/cc. vBMD calculated from qCT versus the phantomless method was compared for the 50 subjects to assess agreement and a mg/cc osteopenia threshold was established using DXA T-scores. CIREN HU measurements were converted to mg/cc using the phantomless technique and the mg/cc osteopenia threshold was used to compare vBMD to age, fracture incidence, and osteopenia comorbidity classifications in CIREN.Results: Linear regression of lumbar vBMD derived from the qCT versus phantomless calibrations showed excellent agreement (R2 = 0.87, P <.0001). A 145 mg/cc threshold for osteopenia was established (sensitivity = 1, specificity = 0.57) and 44 CIREN occupants had vBMD below this threshold. Of these 44 occupants, 64% were not classified as osteopenic in CIREN, but vBMD suggested undiagnosed osteopenia. Age was negatively correlated with vBMD in both sexes (P <.0001) and CIREN occupants with less than 145 mg/cc vBMD sustained an average 1.7 additional rib/sternum fractures (P =.036).Conclusions: Because lumbar vBMD was estimated from phantomless CT scans with accuracy similar to qCT, the phantomless technique can be broadly applied to both prospectively and retrospectively assess patient bone quality for research and clinical studies related to MVCs, falls, and aging. 相似文献
558.
559.
Empirical Estimation of Stream Discharge Using Channel Geometry in Low‐Gradient,Sand‐Bed Streams of the Southeastern Plains
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Stephen A. Sefick Latif Kalin Ely Kosnicki Brad P. Schneid Miller S. Jarrell Chris J. Anderson Michael H. Paller Jack W. Feminella 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2015,51(4):1060-1071
Manning's equation is used widely to predict stream discharge (Q) from hydraulic variables when logistics constrain empirical measurements of in‐bank flow events. Uncertainty in Manning's roughness (nM) is the major source of error in natural channels, and sand‐bed streams pose difficulties because flow resistance is affected by flow‐dependent bed configuration. Our study was designed to develop and validate models for estimating Q from channel geometry easily derived from cross‐sectional surveys and available GIS data. A database was compiled consisting of 484 Q measurements from 75 sand‐bed streams in Alabama, Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina (Southeastern Plains), and Florida (Southern Coastal Plain), with six New Zealand streams included to develop statistical models to predict Q from hydraulic variables. Model error characteristics were estimated with leave‐one‐site‐out jackknifing. Independent data of 317 Q measurements from 55 Southeastern Plains streams indicated the model (Q = AcRH0.6906S0.1216; where Ac is the channel area, RH is the hydraulic radius, and S is the bed slope) best predicted Q, based on Akaike's information criterion and root mean square error. Models also were developed from smaller Q range subsets to explore if subsets increased predictive ability, but error fit statistics suggested that these were not reasonable alternatives to the above equation. Thus, we recommend the above equation for predicting in‐bank Q of unbraided, sandy streams of the Southeastern Plains. 相似文献
560.
OBJECTIVE: The objective of this article is to explore relationship between older drivers and their passengers (co-pilots) and potential implications of in-vehicle navigation technology on their driving safety. METHODS: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 44 healthy, community-dwelling older adults (aged 60-83) or 22 married couples. Males identified themselves as drivers and females identified themselves as passengers (i.e., co-pilot). RESULTS: Findings indicate that operating a motor vehicle in older adulthood is a shared activity between drivers and passengers. Older drivers and co-pilots reported their level of interaction depended on their familiarity with their route. Navigating unfamiliar areas, particularly large urban centers, was identified as the most challenging driving situation. Participants identified their level of collaboration would increase with the advent of in-vehicle navigation technology. Safety concerns related to the use of this technology, included distraction of both drivers and passengers. Differences amongst couples in their perceptions of using this technology were linked to their level of experience with using other forms of technology. CONCLUSIONS: Older drivers and passengers identified working closely together when operating a motor vehicle. Further investigation into the effects of in-vehicle navigation technology on the driving safety of older drivers and their co-pilots is warranted. 相似文献