Biochemical effects of some organo‐phosphorus insecticides on new targets in white rats

Abstract

The three S‐n‐propyl phosphates and phosphothioates: RH 218, profenofos and prothiophos were compared with fenitrothion in their potential as inhibitors of rat liver and brain AChE. Fenitrothion was more potent as an inhibitor than the three S‐n‐propyl derivatives. Incubation of hepatic protein enhanced ChE inhibition in brain in the case of fenitrothion, while it reduced the inhibitory effect of the S‐n‐propyl derivatives. On the other hand, the four organophosphorus esters caused hypoglycemia in both male and female rats and also reduced their blood urea with different degrees.     

RATIONAL INDUSTRIAL WATER REUSE RATIOS1

ABSTRACT: This work begins by defining rational water use, and then discusses important factors that most strongly influence it. A general model is then developed to enable factories to quantify the ratio of rational industrial water reuse based on the least cost method. The model is established to minimize the cost of water with reference to gross water use and three subsystems ‐ the intake, reuse, and discharge of industrial water. Discharge cost is determined using data from a 1997 survey of 38 factories, and reuse costs are ranked and expressed by a step function. The model is verified using data from a typical semiconductor factory in northern Taiwan's Hsinchu Science Based Industrial Park, whose effective rational water reuse ratio is about 38 percent. A sensitivity analysis shows that improving water reuse technology is the most important factor in determining the rational water reuse ratio, and the price of water is the second most important. When water costs over NT$30 (New Taiwan Dollar, US$1 = NT$34) per cubic meter, increasing reuse becomes significant. The model provides a step towards the scientific management of industrial water.     

Rational pricing of groundwater with a growing population

When population is increasing, characterizing the optimal water consumption path is complicated by the fact that the underlying dynamics of the water stock is contingent on the level of the stock itself. We propose a method of constructing the optimal path in this case. Since population is increasing, the optimal consumption path may involve refraining at times from consuming the totality of the surface water flow in order to restock in groundwater for future consumption. The aquifer then serves as a means to achieve welfare increasing intertemporal transfers of surface water. Therefore the aquifer itself, as distinct from the stock of water it serves to store, may have value and the marginal valuation of water when groundwater stocks are being drawn upon should, for this reason, differ at times from the marginal valuation of water when it is drawn strictly from surface water.     

Ecotoxicological effect of grounded MV River Princess on the intertidal benthic organisms off Goa

The ecotoxicological effects of oil spill from the grounded vessel MV River Princess on the intertidal benthic organisms of Sinquerim-Candolim beach at Goa were investigated. An intertidal expanse of 1 km on either side of the grounded vessel was selected to evaluate the concentration of total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) in the sediment and its effects on the composition, abundance and diversity of micro-, meio- and macrobenthos. TPH in the intertidal sediment ranged from 7.8 to 89 microg g(-1) (mean 35.44+/-26.35 SD). Microbenthos comprised of microalgae, protozoans and juvenile forms of meiobenthos. Apart from juvenile nematodes, which were abundant, Coscinodiscus spp., Navicula spp., and Nitzschia spp. representing microalgae were also observed in microbenthic samples. Meiobenthos was represented by 13 taxa and their total density ranged between 92 and 1057 nos. 10 cm(-2). Maximum meiobenthic abundance of 1057 nos. 10 cm(-2) was observed at Sinquerim. Nematodes were the dominant meiobenthic taxa followed by turbellarians and harpacticoid copepods. The macrobenthos was numerically dominated by polychaetes, followed by crustaceans whereas bivalve molluscs were less represented. There was substantial increase in the petroleum concentration in the beach sediment compared to the previously reported values and highest TPH (89 microg g(-1) sediment) values were in the vicinity of the grounded vessel. The polychaete/amphipod ratio and cumulative and partial dominance abundance-biomass curves showed significant negative impact of TPH on macrofauna. The benthic community structure also showed measurable changes, as there was significant decrease (60%) in the number of species. Given that the microalgal counts were low in sediment, it is assumed that the intertidal meiofauna was possibly using oil-degrading bacteria as alternate food source. In conclusion, the results reported here suggest that the grounded ore carrier is not only detrimental to the beach community, that may take longer time for recovery, but also affects the beach morphology which may have long-term impact on local fishery.     

The many benefits of employee well‐being in organizational research

We undertake three objectives in this Incubator. We begin with a discussion of how well‐being has been considered in organizational research. Second, we provide an overview of the relationship between employee well‐being and such workplace outcomes as job performance, employee retention, and cardiovascular health. Third, we introduce exciting research directions. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Biomarkers of pyrethroid toxicity in fish

Environmental Chemistry Letters - Pesticides contribute to human welfare by reducing vector-borne diseases and protecting crops against pests. Insecticides are the most widely employed pesticides...     

Fire risk reduction through a community‐based risk assessment: reflections from Makola Market,Accra, Ghana

This paper explores the level of vulnerability to the hazard of fire that exists in Makola Market in Accra, Ghana, and assesses how this threat can be reduced through a community‐based risk assessment. It examines the perceptions of both market‐stall occupants and primary stakeholders regarding the hazard of fire, and analyses the availability of local assets (coping strategies) with which to address the challenge. Through an evaluation of past instances of fire, as well as in‐depth key stakeholder interviews, field visits, and observations, the study produces a detailed hazard map of the market. It goes on to recommend that policymakers consider short‐to‐long‐term interventions to reduce the degree of risk. By foregrounding the essence of holistic and integrated planning, the paper calls for the incorporation of disaster mitigation measures in the overall urban planning process and for the strict enforcement of relevant building and fire safety codes by responsible public agencies.     

Improving the feasibility of aquaculture feed by using microalgae

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The aquaculture industry is an efficient edible protein producer and grows faster than any other food sector. Therefore, it requires enormous amounts...