九洲江流域水环境重金属污染特征及来源解析

九洲江流域环境综合治理已被列为国家跨地区生态补充试点,开展流域重金属污染调查与研究,能为流域生态补偿和综合治理提供科学依据.为了研究九洲江流域水环境重金属浓度分布特征,在流域干流和支流选取了33个采样点,于2018年枯水期、丰水期和平水期分3次进行采样监测,测定13种重金属(Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Cr、Ni、Fe、M...     

浊度对苦草(Vallisneria natans)幼苗生长的影响

用粒径小于100μm的泥沙分别配置浊度为30、60和90NTU的浑浊水体,将苦草(Vallisneria natans)幼苗种植于上述水体中,测定幼苗的叶片长和叶片数,并利用水下饱和脉冲荧光仪(DIVING-PAM)测定幼苗的光合荧光特性,研究在不同浊度水体中水下光强对苦草幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,随着处理时间的延长和水体浊度的增大,苦草幼苗生长受到明显的影响。第30天时,在60和90NTU水体中,水下光强不足自然光强的4.5%,幼苗叶片出现发黄、折断现象,相对电子传递速率和饱和光强显著降低,非光化学淬灭系数显著升高,表明幼苗光合作用受到明显抑制。在对照水体中,水下的光强为水面光强的43.3%以上,苦草幼苗也受到抑制;而在水下光强≥7.1%的30NTU水体中,苦草幼苗有较高的光能利用率,幼苗生长较好。这表明苦草幼苗有一定的低光适应能力,光强范围大约是7.1%～43.3%,为在浑浊水体中恢复、重建苦草种群提供了一定的实验依据。     

汽车废气中的铅对城市土壤污染状况调查

通过现场调查，定量分析了乌鲁木齐市市区交通主干道二侧土壤中铅、镉等6种元素的含量，初步掌握了重金属元素的分布情况。调查结果表明，在交通密集易形成堵车的路段，土壤中重金属富集的量较高，在交通顺畅或车流量少的路段，土壤中重金属含量相对较低。铅污染的主要来源是汽车尾气。     

京津冀地区臭氧污染特征与来源分析

2013—2014年京津冀地区13个城市O_3日最大8 h平均值第90百分位数平均为155~162μg/m3,京津冀地区已成为全国O_3污染最严重的地区之一,京津冀地区O_3污染程度有所加重。京津冀地区夏季O_3浓度高,冬季浓度低,O_3质量浓度较高的月份集中在5—9月,12月—次年1月浓度最低。在O_3污染较重的夏季,每日6:00~7:00,O_3质量浓度最低,15:00~16:00 O_3浓度最高。在空间分布上郊区点位的O_3质量浓度往往高于主城区点位。京津冀区域夏季O_3小时浓度和NO2浓度呈高度负相关关系,和其他污染物无明显的相关性。O_3质量浓度和气温呈显著的正相关关系,和大气相对湿度呈显著的负相关关系。京津冀区域O_3的主要来源为NOX和VOC等一次污染物在日光照射下发生光化学反应而产生,控制O_3前体物的源排放,尤其是控制好VOC的排放是控制O_3污染的有效途径。     

黄土高原东部山区两种灌木群落的土壤碳通量研究

用动态气室法对2个灌木群落(样地1:黄刺玫+荆条Rosa xanthina+Vitex negundo;样地2:沙棘Periploca sepium)的土壤碳通量进行了连续4年(2005～2008年)的定位测定,研究灌木群落土壤碳通量的年内、年际变化与土壤温度和水分的关系.结果表明:土壤碳通量具有明显的季节变化特点,受土壤温度和水分的影响,土壤碳通量的最大值出现在土壤温度和水分均较高的月份,最低值出现在3、12月以及其它较为干旱的月份;2个灌木群落4年土壤碳通量的平均值分别为(5.20±4.02)、(3.21±2.38)、(3.48±2.48)、(2.73±1.46)μmol.m-.2s-1和(6.10±4.31)、(3.90±2.54)、(3.89±3.07)、(3.92±2.71)μmol.m-.2s-1(以CO2计),4年的总平均值为(4.02±3.08)μmol.m-.2s-1.2个灌木群落4年土壤碳通量的总平均值分别为1002和1169 g.m-.2a-1(以C计),样地间差异不显著(p=0.35).剔除土壤水分胁迫时测定的数据后,指数函数可以很好地拟合土壤碳通量与土壤温度的关系,方程的决定系数分别在0.47～0.85和0.78～0.85之间;样地1和样地2的土壤碳通量温度敏感性指数(Q10值)分别在1.88～2.73和3.61～4.28之间.土壤水分对土壤碳通量的影响在样地1较为明显.但是,对4年测定所有数据的分段分析表明,生长季土壤水分对土壤碳通量影响显著(p0.05),非生长季土壤温度对土壤碳通量影响显著(p0.05).用包含土壤水分和土壤温度的4个双变量关系方程可提高模型的预测能力,R2值在0.52～0.89之间.研究结果可为黄土高原东部山区灌丛土壤碳通量乃至生态系统碳平衡研究提供参考.     

Distribution of Cu and Pb in particle size fractions of urban soils from different city zones of Nanjing, China

Soil samples from 4 defined city zones of Nanjing were randomly collected at 0-5 cm and 5-20 cm intervals and size fractions of soil particles were separated from undisturbed bulk soils by low energy dispersion procedure. The total contents of Cu and Pb in the different particle size fractions of the urban soils were analyzed by HNO3-HF-HClO4 digestion and flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer determination. The total content of Cu and Pb in soil particle size fractions varied with their size and with city zones as well. Both the content and variation with the size fractions of Pb was bigger than of Cu supporting our previous finding that there was Pb pollution to different degrees in the urban soils although the two elements were generally enriched in clay-sized fraction. Contaminated Pb tended to be preferentially enriched in the size fraction of 2000-250 μm and clay-sized fraction. While the size fractions of the soils from newly developed and preserved area contained smaller amount of Cu and Pb, the partitioning of them in coarse and fine particle size fractions were insignificant compared to that from inner residence and commercial area. The very high Pb level over 150 mg/kg of the fine particle fractions from the soils of the inner city could be a cause of high blood Pb level reported of children from the city as acute exposure to Pb of fine particles of the urban soil might occur by soil ingestion and inhalation by young children. Thus, much attention should be paid to the partitioning of toxic metals in fine soil particles of the urban soils and countermeasures against high health risk of Pb exposure by soil ingestion and dust inhalation should be practiced against the health problem of blood Pb for young children from the cities.     

Competitive and cooperative adsorption behaviors of phenol and aniline onto nonpolar macroreticular adsorbents

The adsorption behaviors of phenol and aniline on nonpolar macroreticular adsorbents(NDA100 and Amberlite XAD4) were investigated in single or binary batch system at 293K and 313K respectively in this study. The results indicated that the adsorption isotherms of phenol and aniline on both adsorbents in both systems fitted well Langmuir equation, which indicated a favourable and exothermic process. At the lower equilibrium concentrations, the individual amount adsorbed of phenol or aniline on macroreticular adsorbents in single-component systems was higher than those in binary-component systems because of the competition between phenol and aniline towards the adsorption sites. It is noteworthy, on the contrast, that at higher concentrations, the total uptake amounts of phenol and aniline in binary-component systems were obviously larger than that in single-component systems, and a large excess was noted on the adsorbent surface at saturation, which is presumably due to the cooperative effect primarily arisen from the hydrogen bonding or weak acidbase interaction between phenol and aniline.     

城市生活垃圾焚烧炉周边环境空气及土壤中二噁英来源研究

系统研究了某城市生活垃圾焚烧炉周边地区6个焚烧炉废气样品、14个环境空气样品和3个表层土壤样品中二噁英的组成及其含量,并对其来源进行了解析.结果表明,焚烧炉排放废气中二噁英含量较高,周边地区环境空气及主导风向下风向污染物最大落地点附近土壤中的二噁英含量均处于较低水平,且主导风向下游环境空气中二噁英含量与其它地点采集的样品中二噁英含量差别不明显,但最大落地点表层土壤样品与背景点表层土壤样品中二噁英的组成及含量均有一定的变化.主成分分析结果表明,最大落地点附近表层土壤样品中的二噁英可能受到了污染源废气排放的影响,但环境空气中二英类污染物来源较为复杂,具体原因还需进一步的深入研究.     

山仔水库富营养化动态研究

以山仔水库库区水体为研究对象,通过测定水体透明度、叶绿素、总磷含量,应用卡尔森TSI营养指数法和层次分析法,并结合往年监测数据对山仔水库营养化程度进行分析,此外还运用Arc／Info的克里格插值法进行富营养化空间格局分析,最后提出防治对策。分析结果表明：近年来水库富营养化程度不断上升,随季节和降雨的变化出现较大的波动,在空间分布上也出现较大的变化。     

滨海集约农区耕地质量演变趋势研究——以山东省广饶县为例

论文以山东省广饶县为研究对象,基于GIS技术,选取广饶县1979、 2007年两期耕地质量评价相关数据,以50 m×50 m栅格为评价单元,以综合指数法为评价方法评价了广饶县两期耕地综合质量,并分析了从1979年到2007年广饶县耕地综合质量的变化情况.研究发现:1979年耕地质量等级占主要比例的为三四等地,2007年耕地质量等级占主要比例的为一二等地;两期耕地质量等级分布规律相似,耕地质量等级都是从西南内陆到东北沿海逐步降低;从1979年到2007年,广饶县耕地基础设施逐步完善,耕地养分含量普遍提高,使得广饶县的耕地质量等级普遍提高,较大面积的三四等耕地转换为一二等耕地,特别是南部地区耕地质量等级提高程度明显.