Effects of operational factors on soluble microbial products in a carrier anaerobic baffled reactor treating dilute wastewater

The effects of feed strength,hydraulic residence time(HRT),and operational temperatures on soluble microbial product(SMP) production were investigated,to gain insights into the production mechanism.A carrier anaerobic batfled reactor (CABR) treating dilute wastewater was operated under a wide range of operational conditions,namely,feed strengths of 300-600 mg/L,HRTs of 9-18 h,and temperatures of 10-28℃.Generally, SMP production increased with increasing feed strength and decreasing temperature.At high temperature (28℃),SMP production increased with decreasing HRT. As the temperature Was decreased to 18 and 10℃.the SMP production was at its peak for 12 h HRT Therefore,temperature could be an important determinant of SMP production along with HRT. A higher SMP to soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) ratio Was found at high temperature and long HRT because of complete volatile fatty acid degradation.SMP accounted for 50%-75% of the SCOD in the last chamber of the CABR.As a secondary metabolite.some SMP could be consumed at lower feed strength.     

煤矸石的危害性与资源化利用技术研究

煤矸石是煤炭生产和洗煤过程中伴生的一种固体废弃物,废弃的煤矸石污染水体、空气和土壤,甚至破坏生态环境.煤矸石又是一种可以开发利用的再生资源,其矿物特性和理化性能决定综合利用途径,对煤矸石的组分和性质进行分析、评价,有利于选择最佳资源化方向.     

长江下游不同源沉积物中重金属特征及生态风险

不同来源沉积物中重金属的污染特性差异明显,影响了它们的危害程度.采集长江下游市政、矿山、工业及港口来源的沉积物,并用ICP-AES测定常量元素.原子吸收光谱测定Cu、Zn、Pb,Cd、Cr 5种重金属.结果表明,重金属在市政来源中含量中等且分布相对均匀,矿山来源的以Cu、Pb为主.工业来源的金属含量均较高,港口来源Cd的含量最高.重金属均有一定的富集,尤其是Cd的富集系数,最高达到7.3.通过重金属与常量元素的主成分分析研究了沉积物中重金属的来源,发现市政来源的重金属主要来自雨水冲刷城市下垫面及管道内壁,矿山来源重金属的特点由矿山开采及尾矿淋滤决定,工业来源重金属大多由机械碎屑和金属溶解产生,港口来源重金属主要是密集的运输船与车辆气体排放引起.采用Hakanson的生态风险指数法对不同来源沉积物中重金属进行风险评价,其单因子生态危害程度为Cd>Cu>Pb>Cr>Zn,综合潜在生态风险指数表明,不同来源重金属的危害程度依次为港口源>工业源>矿山源>市政源.     

垃圾渗滤液COD检测方法中Cl~-干扰问题的讨论

化学需氧量(COD)是垃圾渗滤液检测的一项重要指标,渗滤液中高浓度的氯离子(Cl-)对COD检测的干扰问题未引起足够的重视.通过实验对比了重铬酸钾回流法、快速消解分光光度法、碱性高锰酸钾法和紫外分光光度法检测渗滤液COD时的Cl-干扰程度.普遍采用的重铬酸钾回流法,由于Cl-存在干扰,掩蔽剂不能完全有效掩蔽,Cl-≤3550mg·L-1时测量结果并不准确;快速消解分光光度法并没有从根本上消除Cl-的干扰;碱性高锰酸钾法虽能消除Cl-干扰,但氧化效率只有重铬酸钾的60%左右;紫外分光光度法不仅时间短、效率高,还能有效避免Cl-带来的干扰.在COD值≤150mg·L-1的稳定水质中UV254与COD值有较高的显著相关性,相关系数为0.9985;UV365在COD值≤600mg·L-1都有很显著的相关性,相关系数为0.9996.UV365比UV254具有更广的检测范围和更高的COD相关性.     

Size distribution and di use pollution impacts of PAHs in street dust in urban streams in the Yangtze River Delta

Particles of dust washed o streets by stormwater are an important pathway of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) into urban streams. This article presented a comprehensive assessment of the size distribution of PAHs in street dust particles, the potential risks of the particles in urban streams, and the sources and sinks of PAHs in the stream network. This assessment was based on measurements of 16 PAHs from the USEPA priority list in street dust particles and river sediments in Xincheng, China. The content of total PAHs ranged from 1629 to 8986 g/kg in street dust particles, where smaller particles have a higher concentrations. Approximately 55% of the total PAHs were associated with particles less than 250 m which accounted for 40% of the total mass of street dust. The PAH quantities increased from 2.41 to 46.86 g/m2 in the sequence of new residential, rising through main roads, old town residential, commercial and industrial areas. The sediments in stream reaches in town were found to be sinks for street dust particle PAHs. The research findings suggested that particle size, land use and the hydrological conditions in the stream network were the factors which most influenced the total loads of PAH in the receiving water bodies.     

Two alternative modes for di use pollution control in Wuhan City Zoo

Pollution in urban zoos arises from diffuse and small point sources. However, its control has received little attention in past decades. Online and ofttine modes of ecological engineering technology were designed to control pollution from small point and diffuse sources in Wuhan City Zoo, China. Their characteristics and performances were investigated in sixteen runoff events from 2003 to 2005. The results showed that the two modes both improved runoff water quality and had high retention rates for water and pollutants. In the outflows, the event mean concentrations （EMCs） of total suspended solids （TSS）, chemical oxygen demand （COD）, total nitrogen （TN） and total phosphorus （TP） were reduced by 88%, 59%, 46% and 71% for the online mode, and those were 77%, 42%, 50% and 66% for the ofttine mode. The annual retention rates of pollutant loads for the online mode were 94.9%-98.5% in the three study years; those for the ofitine mode were 70.5%-86.4%. Based on calculation, the online mode was able to store the runoff of 66.7 mm rainfall completely, and the ofttine mode could store that of 31.3 mm rainfall. In addition, the online mode can provide an effective way for rainwater utilization and good habitats for aquatic wildlives, and has an excellent aesthetics value for recreationsal pastimes. The ofiline mode can save land resources and may be an effective and economical measure for diffuse pollution control in urban areas.     

Pollutant loads of surface runo inWuhan City Zoo, an urban tourist area

The pollutant loads of surface runoff in an urban tourist area have been investigated for two years in the Wuhan City Zoo, China. Eight sampling sites, including two woodlands, three animal yards, two roofs and one road, were selected for sampling and study. The results indicate that pollutants ranked in a predictable order of decreasing load （e.g. animal yard〉roof〉woodland〉road）, with animal yards acting as the key pollution source in the zoo. Pollutants were transported mainly by particulate form in runoff. Particulate nitrogen and particulate phosphorous accounted on average for 61%, 78% of total pollutant, respectively, over 13 monitored rainfall events. These results indicate the treatment practices should be implemented to improve particulate nutrient removal. Analysis of the M（V） curve indicate that no first flush effect existed in the surface runoff from pervious areas （e.g. woodland, animal ground yard）, whereas a first flush effect was evident in runoff from impervious surfaces （e.g. animal cement yard, roof, road）.     

五种土壤吸附喹乙醇特性的研究

用振荡平衡法研究了喹乙醇在东北黑土、常熟水稻土、陕西潮土、南京黄棕壤和江西红壤中吸附行为及其影响因素.结果表明,喹乙醇在5种土壤中的吸附行为均可用Langmuir方程和Freundlich方程进行良好的线性拟合.其吸附系数KF很小,分别为2.813,1.740,0.446,0.309和0.201,显示很难被土壤吸附.其KF与土壤有机质含量及阳离子交换量呈良好的相关性.而与土壤pH值及黏粒含量相关性较差.温度和离子强度均对喹乙醇在土壤中的吸附有一定影响,较低的温度和离子强度均有利于土壤对喹乙醇的吸附.     

畜粪蚯蚓处理后DOM变化及其与Cu(Ⅱ)的配合特性

研究了畜粪、木屑混合物经蚯蚓处理后水溶性有机物(DOM)分子量及荧光光谱变化.结果表明,经蚯蚓处理后畜粪、木屑混合物中DOM分子量呈整体降低趋势,分子量分布范围变宽,但其DOM分子量仍高于无蚯蚓处理;蚯蚓处理后混合物DOM中的富里酸含量及分子结构芳香化程度增加明显.进一步就蚯蚓处理前后DOM与Cu(Ⅱ)配合后的荧光光谱分析表明,蚯蚓处理后DOM更易与Cu(Ⅱ)产生配合反应并导致其直链变短或芳香基团的裂解;DOM中与Cu(Ⅱ)配合的基团主要包括—OH和—NH2等;且蚯蚓处理后DOM 中的富里酸类物质更易与Cu(Ⅱ)发生配合反应.     

负载型铜酞菁的制备及其催化氧化巯基乙醇

以3-(环己氧基)-邻苯二腈和氯化铜为原料,通过钼酸铵固相法合成了一种烷氧基取代的铜酞菁配合物α-四(环己氧基)铜酞菁(CuPc),采用浸渍法将其负载在MCM-41和SBA-15介孔分子筛中,制备了CuPc/MCM-41和CuPc/SBA-15催化剂,并且负载后的酞菁还能回收利用,仍然具有催化效果。采用紫外-可见吸收光谱(UV-vis)、红外光谱(IR)对目标产物进行表征,并用TG对酞菁进行热稳定性分析,结果表明酞菁在200℃时开始失重,350℃时失重率最大为58%;通过氮气吸附对催化剂进行表征,证明酞菁已经进入到分子筛孔道,孔容积分别从0.132 cm3/g减至0.055 cm3/g和0.420 cm3/g减至0.202 cm3/g。研究了2种催化剂在不同pH、催化剂浓度下对巯基乙醇(ME)催化氧化性能的影响,结果表明,CuPc/SBA-15对巯基乙醇(ME)具有较高的催化活性,且2种催化剂的活性在pH=12时都达到最大。