近10 a武汉市城市热岛效应演变及其#br# 与土地利用变化的关系

城市化进程的加快,农村人口大量涌入城市,城市布局及局部气候改变等因素使得城市热岛效应问题日益突出,已成为当前城市环境研究热点之一。以武汉市为例,应用遥感技术与地理信息系统技术,选取2004~2015年5个时相Landsat系列影像数据,利用单窗算法反演地表温度,并以此为基础进行热岛强度分级,获取了近10 a武汉市城市热岛效应变化结果,并分析了武汉市11个辖区城市热岛效应动态变化特征及热岛效应与土地利用变化的关系。研究结果表明：（1）自2007年后,武汉市老城区热岛面积持续减少,而新城区热岛面积则持续增加,呈现出以老城区为中心向新城区扩张的趋势,至2015年,新老城区热岛面积仅相差20.74 km2;（2）东西湖区、蔡甸区、江夏区与洪山区是近些年城市热岛面积增长较为显著的辖区,其中江夏区的热岛面积年际变化最大,最高值达95.42 km2;（3）城市热岛效应与土地利用类型的面积年际平均值拟合关系显示,2004~2015年,城市热岛效应与建筑用地的R2值最大,为0.681 2,建筑用地面积的增加是城市热岛强度面积扩张的重要影响因素。     

GIS罐体内部异物清理机器人的研发与应用

针对气体绝缘金属封闭开关设备( gas insulated switchgear, GIS)内部异物颗粒引起设备内部电场畸变,从而造成设备闪络故障问题,通过对异物颗粒的产生原因及影响因素进行分析,研制了一种GIS罐体内部异物颗粒清理机器人,实现了GIS设备内部可视化异物清理功能。应用结果表明:机器人检测不仅提高了750kV GIS内部缺陷检查的效率,而且保证了检测人员的安全,为GIS状态检修提供了有效技术支持。     

Characterization of hard- and softwood biochars pyrolyzed at high temperature

A wide range of waste biomass/waste wood feedstocks abundantly available at mine sites provide the opportunity to produce biochars for cost-effective improvement of mine tailings and contaminated land at metal mines. In the present study, soft- and hardwood biochars derived from pine and jarrah woods at high temperature (700 °C) were characterized for their physiochemical properties including chemical components, electrical conductivity, pH, zeta potential, cation-exchange capacity (CEC), alkalinity, BET surface area and surface morphology. Evaluating and comparing these characteristics with available data from the literature have affirmed the strong dictation of precursor type on the physiochemical properties of the biochars. The pine and jarrah wood feedstocks are mainly different in their proportions of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, resulting in biochars with heterogeneous physiochemical properties. The hardwood jarrah biochar exhibits much higher microporosity, alkalinity and electrostatic capacity than the softwood pine. Correlation analysis and principal component analysis also show a good correlation between CEC–BET–alkalinity, and alkalinity–ash content. These comprehensive characterization and analysis results on biochars’ properties from feedstocks of hardwood (from forest land clearance at mine construction) and waste pine wood (from mining operations) will provide a good guide for tailoring biochar functionalities for remediating metal mine tailings. The relatively inert high-temperature biochars can be stored for a long term at mine closure after decades of operations.     

中国区域能源、经济与环境耦合的动态演化

文章全面解析了系统耦合机制,以此为基础构建了能源、经济与环境三系统耦合模型,测算了1995—2014年中国四大区域三大系统间的耦合协调水平,并从时空两个维度对区域三系统交互关系的变化特征以及差异做出了全面讨论。结果表明,1各省区经济和环境综合指数呈持续上升的良好态势,而能源综合指数在小幅波动中保持了较为稳定的发展状态,同时三者关系极为密切,具体表现为三类指数的变动具有显著的相关性。2三系统交互作用的耦合度均保持不断递增的演化趋势,但绝对水平较低,且区域间差异较为明显,整体上呈现由东到西递减态势。3三系统的耦合变化与能源-经济、能源-环境和经济-环境三类二元系统的协调发展具有密切的相关性。4在探索三系统耦合协调的持续发展路径时,需重点引导三系统打破固有束缚,通过有秩序的相互配合产生单个系统所不具备的发展能力。而从现实状态看,在当前面临经济下行、资源环境不可持续以及区域发展差异扩大等问题的严峻挑战,各省区需结合本区域实际发展状况和比较优势制定发展规划。东部需以雄厚的经济实力为基础强化技术创新,以带动能源高效利用和环境保护;中部和东北需调整能源消费结构并提高能源利用效率;西部则应将重点放在绿色发展和防范环境风险两方面。     

基于信息熵的省域内能源消费总量分配研究

能源消费总量控制是保障能源安全,积极应对气候变暖的重要手段;省域内能源消费量的合理分配,是落实国家能源消费总量控制的有效措施。提出能源消费总量分配应以公平为主、考虑区域发展权益的同时兼顾效率的原则,秉承“定基数,分增量”的思想,构建了基于信息熵的多因子混合加权分配模型,对目标年能源消费增量进行分配;选择了10个指标从经济水平、能耗水平、发展现状、产业结构及城市发展定位5个方面描述各地区的节能潜力及控制能耗量的责任,拟对能源消费总量在省内各市区的分配进行探索性研究。并以安徽省为例,对安徽省2015年能源消费总量分配到各市区进行了实证分析。结果显示,2015年安徽省17个市区能耗分配量增长率范围为1193%~5045%,能耗增幅的分配结果整体上受各市区人均GDP和人均能源消费量水平所支配,受单位工业增加值能耗和城市化率所调控     

臭氧氧化法处理焦化废水生化出水的反应动力学简

对臭氧氧化去除焦化废水生化出水COD的反应动力学及其影响因素进行了实验研究,结果表明,在臭氧投加量为8.50 mg/min,反应温度为20℃和初始pH为10.61条件下,对COD的降解符合表观一级反应动力学模型,其相关系数R²=0.9991,表观反应速率常数k_Abs=1.01×10^-3 s^-1。该条件下,臭氧氧化对COD的降解主要来源于高活性羟基自由基的强氧化作用。在不同的臭氧投加量（4.25~12.75 mg/min）、不同的反应温度（10~40℃）和不同的初始pH（3.76~12.53）下,COD的降解也同样遵循一级反应动力学规律。随着臭氧投加量的增大,COD降解的表观反应速率常数从（0.554×10^-3） s^-1增加到（1.06×10^-3） s^-1;随着反应温度的升高,表观反应速率常数从（0.427×10^-3） s^-1增加到（1.40×10^-3） s^-1,温度越高反应速率提高的幅度却越小;在初始pH3.76~10.61范围内,表观反应速率常数从（0.218×10^-3） s^-1增加到（1.01×10^-3） s^-1,在初始pH为12.53时表观反应速率常数下降到（0.857×10^-3） s^-1。     

Evaluating anthropogenic N inputs to diverse lake basins: A case study of three Chinese lakes

The environmental degradation of lakes in China has become increasingly serious over the last 30 years and eutrophication resulting from enhanced nutrient inputs is considered a top threat. In this study, a quasi-mass balance method, net anthropogenic N inputs (NANI), was introduced to assess the human influence on N input into three typical Chinese lake basins. The resultant NANI exceeded 10 000 kg N km⁻² year⁻¹ for all three basins, and mineral fertilizers were generally the largest sources. However, rapid urbanization and shrinking agricultural production capability may significantly increase N inputs from food and feed imports. Higher percentages of NANI were observed to be exported at urban river outlets, suggesting the acceleration of NANI transfer to rivers by urbanization. Over the last decade, the N inputs have declined in the basins dominated by the fertilizer use but have increased in the basins dominated by the food and feed import. In the foreseeable future, urban areas may arise as new hotspots for nitrogen in China while fertilizer use may decline in importance in areas of high population density.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s13280-015-0638-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

浙江省工业烟粉尘总量控制研究

通过对浙江省工业烟粉尘排放总量和排放源现状进行分析,提出工业烟粉尘减排治理对策,对工业烟粉尘4个重点行业(水泥制造行业、火力发电行业、钢铁行业(包括炼钢、钢压延加工和黑色金属铸造行业)、纺织染整行业(包括棉印染精加工、化纤织物染整精加工和棉织造加工行业)排放源的烟粉尘减排途径和潜力进行分析测算,研究提出工业烟粉尘总量控制措施和建议。     

电絮凝—超滤组合工艺处理设施农业营养废液的试验研究

设施农业营养废液具有氮和磷营养元素含量高、碳元素少、病原菌多的特点,直接排放会污染环境、影响生态平衡,因此排放前需经过适当净化处理。为此,采用电絮凝—超滤组合工艺对设施农业营养废液进行处理,重点研究了电絮凝—超滤组合工艺对营养废液中污染物的去除效果,同时考察了电流密度和电解时间对处理效果的影响。结果表明,电絮凝—超滤组合工艺对大肠杆菌、总磷、总氮和总有机碳(TOC)都有一定的去除效果,在电流密度为1.78mA/cm2、电解时间为30min、超滤压力为0.16 MPa的条件下,其去除率分别为99.88%、99.76%、47.59%、28.72%。因此,电絮凝—超滤组合工艺对设施农业营养废液有较好的处理效果。     

Reduction of Baltic Sea Nutrient Inputs and Allocation of Abatement Costs Within the Baltic Sea Catchment

The Baltic Sea Action Plan (BSAP) requires tools to simulate effects and costs of various nutrient abatement strategies. Hierarchically connected databases and models of the entire catchment have been created to allow decision makers to view scenarios via the decision support system NEST. Increased intensity in agriculture in transient countries would result in increased nutrient loads to the Baltic Sea, particularly from Poland, the Baltic States, and Russia. Nutrient retentions are high, which means that the nutrient reduction goals of 135 000 tons N and 15 000 tons P, as formulated in the BSAP from 2007, correspond to a reduction in nutrient loadings to watersheds by 675 000 tons N and 158 000 tons P. A cost-minimization model was used to allocate nutrient reductions to measures and countries where the costs for reducing loads are low. The minimum annual cost to meet BSAP basin targets is estimated to 4.7 billion €.