上海港船舶大气污染物排放清单研究

建立可靠的船舶排放清单不仅是大气环境科学领域对船舶排放影响进行定量研究的重要基础,也是管理部门制定污染减排措施和政策的重要依据.以常规大气污染物和温室气体为研究对象,采用由下而上的动力法对进出上海港船舶排放进行了研究.通过对上海港船舶进出签证数、船舶种类、吨位分布、运行工况、排放因子和燃油校正因子等多要素开展调查和分析,获得了上海港外港和内河9种船种和4种运行工况条件下大气污染物和温室气体排放总量,并结合船舶自动识别系统(AIS)确定了1 km×1 km网格精度的大气污染物和温室气体的排放空间分布.结果表明:2010年,上海港船舶排放PM100.46万t,PM2.5 0.37万t,柴油颗粒物(DPM)0.44万t,NOx5.73万t,SOx3.54万t,CO 0.49万t,碳氧化合物(HC)0.21万t;排放温室气体CO2 288.55万t,N2O 0.01万t,Cn4 0.004万t.与全市排放清单总量相比,上海港船舶排放对SO2、NOx和PM2.5的排放影响最为显著,分担率分别达到12.0％、9.0％和5.3％.其中,以远洋船为首要来源,其排放量对全市排放清单的分担率分别为12.0％、8.4％和5.1％.     

剩余污泥与餐厨垃圾共发酵产酸的优化研究

为探索剩余污泥和餐厨垃圾共发酵产酸的最优条件,在单因素试验的基础上利用响应面方法对二者共发酵产酸的条件进行优化分析,考察了pH值、底物浓度、有机负荷和固体停留时间对总挥发性脂肪酸产量的交互影响。结果表明,对TVFAs产量的影响顺序为pH值OLRSRT底物浓度。     

萘降解菌N19-3的分离、鉴定和萘双加氧酶基因的检测

从石油污染土壤中分离到一株高效降解萘的N19-3菌株. 经形态观察、生理生化实验和16S rDNA序列分析等鉴定其为丛毛单胞菌属（Comamonas sp.）. 该菌株能在30 ℃,30h内将1 000mg/L的萘完全降解. 降解萘的适宜温度为20～30 ℃, 适宜pH为7.0～9.0. 0.1mmol/L的Ca2+和Fe3+对N19-3菌株降解萘有较强的促进作用, 0.1 mmol/L的Mn2+和Zn2+对N19-3菌株的生长和萘的降解也有一定的促进作用, 而0.1 mmol/L的 Cu2+则完全抑制了N19-3菌株的生长和萘的降解. 通过PCR方法在N19-3菌株中扩增出分别与C. testosteroni H菌株的萘双加氧酶铁硫蛋白大亚基基因（pahAc）与双加氧酶铁硫蛋白小亚基基因（pahAd）高度同源的核苷酸片断.      

Vertical and temporal distribution of nitrogen and phosphorus and relationship with their influencing factors in aquatic-terrestrial ecotone： a case study in Taihu Lake, China

Vertical and temporal distributions of N and P in soil solution in aquatic-terrestrial ecotone （ATE） of Taihu Lake were investigated, and the relations among N, P, ORP （oxidation reduction potential）, TOC, root system biomass and microorganism were studied. As a whole, significant declines in TN, NO3^--N, DON （dissolved organic nitrogen） and TP concentration in soil solution have occurred with increase of the depth, and reached their minima at 60 cm depth, except for NH4^＋-N, which increased with depth. The concentration of TP increased gradually from spring to winter in the topsoil, the maximum 0.08 mg/L presented in the winter while the minimum 0.03 mg/L in spring. In the deeper layer, the concentration value of TP fluctuated little. As for the NO3^--N, its seasonal variation was significant at 20 cm depth, its concentration increased gradually from spring to autumn, and decreased markedly in winter. Vertical and temporal distribution of DON is contrary to that of NO3^--N. The results also show that the variation of N and P in the percolate between adjacent layers is obviously different. The vertical variation ofTN, TP, NO3^--N, NH4^＋-N and DON is significant, of which the variation coefficient of NO3^--N along the depth reaches 100.23%, the highest; while the variation coefficient of DON is 41.14%, the smallest. The results of correlation analysis show that the concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus correlate significantly with TOC, ORP, root biomass and counts of nitrifying bacteria. Most nutrients altered much from 20 to 40 cm along the depth. However, DON changed more between 60 and 80 cm. Results show that soil of 0-60 cm depth is active rhizoplane, with strong capability to remove the nitrogen and phosphorus in ATE. It may suggest that there exists the optimum ecological efficiency in the depth of above 60 cm in reed wetland. This will be very significant for ecological restoration and reestablishment.     

长期储存亚硝化颗粒污泥的活化及菌群结构变化

采用无机人工配水,通过逐级提高进水氨氮负荷(0.32~0.64kg/(m³·d))和设定合适的初始游离氨浓度(3.7~7.2mg/L),在SBR反应器中对常温(24~29℃)下储存1a的亚硝化颗粒污泥(NGS)进行了活化,并使用Miseq高通量测序技术分析了污泥中微生物多样性的变化情况.结果表明,NGS的亚硝化性能可在短时间内恢复.运行8d后,反应器的氨氮去除率达到95%以上,亚硝态氮累积率超过了80%,但污泥粒径持续减小,胞外聚合物(EPS)含量明显降低.活化至第20d,NGS的氨氮比去除速率和亚硝态氮比累积速率分别达到24.6mg/(gVSS·h)、23.8mg/(gVSS·h),平均粒径稳定在0.5mm左右.在活化期间,绝大部分厌氧、异养菌属被洗脱,污泥的微生物多样性显著降低.Nitrosomonas等氨氧化菌的相对丰度由活化前的1%上升至约58%,同时,Nitrospira等硝化菌的生长受到了选择性抑制.这意味着即使经历长期的常温储存,NGS仍可作为SBR的接种污泥,实现反应器的快速启动.     

考虑预测不确定性的微网优化调度

针对现有技术下由于微网中不可控微源出力预测和负荷预测均存在误差较大而引起微网优化调度结果不准确的问题,提出在传统微网经济调度模型中增加不确定性描述模型,得到不同侧重点下的微网经济优化结果,并对结果进行分析。首先,通过利用区间数描述预测不确定性,并结合隶属度函数推导容忍度概念。其次,在并网运行模式的微网结构上建立以运行成本最低为目标函数的微网优化调度模型,并将该模型转换为区间数形式表示。最后,利用粒子群优化算法并以MATLAB为主要工具对上述模型进行求解,得到微网24 h出力优化区间解结果,并对结果进行详细分析。算例通过对某并网型微网进行分析,验证了所提模型的科学性和有效性。     

内标法与外标法测定废气中挥发性有机化合物

目前采用热脱附-气相色谱-质谱法测定废气中挥发性有机化合物时多使用外标法。实验对比了内标法与外标法测定时存在的差异,发现大多数VOCs内标法的回收率均高于外标法,且内标法的相对标准偏差普遍小于外标法,内标法测定的准确度和精密度均优于外标法。内标法的标准曲线可使用更长时间,对于大量样品的测定非常有利;而外标法必须每次测定时重新绘制新曲线。故废气中VOCs测定工作推荐使用内标法定量。     

基于PM2.5的中国雾霾灾害风险评价

基于雾霾胁迫、人口暴露和适应能力,结合遥感数据与统计数据,对2014年中国286个地级及以上城市的雾霾灾害风险进行评价,在此基础上,识别雾霾灾害风险热点区的风险主导因子.结果表明:中国城市雾霾灾害风险整体水平不高且内部差异显著,雾霾灾害风险大体呈"东高西低、北高南低"的空间布局特征.雾霾灾害风险热点区范围涵盖96个城市,占据国土面积92.4万km~2,波及人群数量5.9亿.风险主导因子分区方面,适应能力主导区分布在汕头、揭阳、邵阳、娄底、玉林、汕尾、达州、巴中、天水、昭通、潮州和贵港等12个城市;雾霾胁迫主导区分布在郑州、上海、成都、泰州、济南、西安、武汉、鄂州、南京、扬州、天津、无锡、嘉兴、南昌、常州、芜湖、淄博、合肥、镇江、黄石、马鞍山、南通和日照等23个城市,其余61个城市则属于雾霾胁迫-适应能力综合主导区.     

Persistent organochlorine residues in sediments of the Haihe River and Dagu Drainage River in Tianjin, China

Persistent organochlorine compounds were analyzed by means of GC-ECD in surface sediment samples from two selected rivers in Tianjin, Haihe River and Dagu Drainage River. A total of 16 surface sediment sites were selected along the both rivers. The frequency of detection of T-HCH and T-DDT in sediment samples both was up to 100%, which illustrated that the contamination of HCH and DDT was widespread in Haihe and Dagu Drainage Rivers. Results indicated that the concentrations of various pesticides in sediments from Haihe River were in the range of 3.30-75.96 ng/g dw for T-HCH and 1.57-211.57 ng/g dw for T-DDT. Compared with Haihe River, Dagu Drainage River was contaminated by HCHs and DDTs along the all locations and the values of T-HCH and T-DDT residues in sediments ranged from 2.30 to 124.61 ng/g dw and from 11.28 to 237.30 ng/g dw, respectively, The possible pollution sources were analyzed through monitoring results of organochlorine pesticides（OCPs） residues in sediments from the two rivers. The investigation also indicated that HCH was still used as pesticide in Tianjin partial area.     

苏鲁边界区域水资源保护与利用的协同机制探讨——以南四湖为例

通过对苏鲁界湖南四湖水源保护与利用状况的详细考察,全面系统分析了湖域水资源现状、存在的关键问题、影响因素等。针对湖域水资源现状,探讨了南四湖流域水资源保护与利用的协同机制,即建立湖域水资源协同规划与管理机制、湖区经济协同发展机制、生态修复与补偿协同机制、群众协同参与与监督机制、水危机协同处置机制和湖域界面冲突协同控制机制等,以促进跨界区域水资源的保护与利用,统筹区域协同发展,增强南四湖湖域的可持续发展能力。