松嫩平原含盐碱斑的重度盐化草甸土种稻脱盐过程

以松嫩平原西部内陆盐碱湿地的重度苏打盐化草甸土与盐土、碱土镶嵌形成的复区为对象，进行了种稻脱盐过程试验。在不采取化学、物理等其他措施的前提下，单纯采用种稻水洗方法，经过5年连续试验，土壤表层平均盐分质量分数由4．5％降至0．15％，水稻产量由第1年的近于零，上升到第4年的4250kg／hm^2，表明运用简单的种稻脱盐方法改良强度苏打盐化草甸土与盐土、碱土复区具有可行性。这一结果对合理利用劣质土壤资源和重建西部严重荒漠化生态景观具有指导意义。     

光谱法研究甲萘威与DNA的相互作用

通过紫外与荧光光谱法研究了甲萘威与DNA的相互作用．结果显示,在甲萘威的作用下,DNA的吸收光谱出现增色与红移现象;DNA能够引起甲萘威单一的静态猝灭;甲萘威与DNA的作用能减弱K4[Fe(CN)6)]对甲萘威的荧光猝灭;实验结果支持甲萘威能以嵌插方式与DNA形成加合物,氯化钠及乙醇对加合物的荧光光谱存在不同影响．加合物的形成与药物的生物活性之间存在一定的相互联系。     

Accumulation of lead, zinc, copper and cadmium by 12 wetland plant species thriving in metal-contaminated sites in China

The concentrations of lead, zinc, copper and cadmium accumulated by 12 emergent-rooted wetland plant species including different populations of Leersia hexandra, Juncus effusus and Equisetum ramosisti were investigated in field conditions of China. The results showed that metal accumulation by wetland plants differed among species, populations and tissues. Populations grown in substrata with elevated metals contained significantly higher metals in plants. Metals accumulated by wetland plants were mostly distributed in root tissues, suggesting that an exclusion strategy for metal tolerance widely exists in them. That some species/populations could accumulate relatively high metal concentrations (far above the toxic concentration to plants) in their shoots indicates that internal detoxification metal tolerance mechanism(s) are also included. The factors affecting metal accumulation by wetland plants include metal concentrations, pH, and nutrient status in substrata. Mostly concentrations of Pb and Cu in both aboveground and underground tissues of the plants were significantly positively related to their total and/or DTPA-extractable fractions in substrata while negatively to soil N and P, respectively. The potential use of these wetland plants in phytoremediation is also discussed.     

贵金属催化剂活性组分分布对催化湿式氧化处理非达霉素提炼废水的影响

采用均匀型和蛋白型Ru/TiO₂催化剂为湿式氧化催化剂,应用于催化湿式氧化非达霉素提炼废水,以出水COD和TOC去除率作为指标来评价2种催化剂的催化活性差异;采用实验室连续评价装置对柱状颗粒催化剂在不同pH、不同废水流量和不同温度下处理非达霉素提炼废水进行了优化评价。结果表明：在265 ℃、pH=4.1、废水流量为10 mL·h⁻¹时,催化剂的催化活性最高,故确定此条件为该废水处理的最优条件;同时对比均匀型和蛋白型2种催化剂,蛋白型催化剂具有更高的催化效率;结合SEM及N₂-物理吸附结果,推断蛋白型催化剂活性组分集中分布在催化剂颗粒的较浅层,有利于降低反应过程中的扩散阻力,提高贵金属活性组分的利用率,进而提高催化剂的催化活性。以上结果对开发高效湿式氧化催化剂,充分利用贵金属活性组分降低催化剂成本具有十分重要的意义。     

Pollution sources identification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons of soils in Tianjin area, China

A total of 188 surface soil samples were collected from different types of utilization soils in Tianjin area. Factor analysis and scatter point surface tension spine function interpolation were used to analyze types and spatial distributions of PAH sources of surface soils in Tianjin area. The results showed that most pollution sources were mixed sources including coal burning and petroleum spill. Mixed sources occupied 56.12%, 58.96%, 46.45% and 59.50% in farmland of wastewater irrigation, common farmland, wild land and city greenbelt, respectively. Other pollution sources such as vehicle emission, biogenic conversion, wood burning and natural gas combustion were also significant. The spatial distributions of pollution sources were closely related to geographic location, geographic condition and living habit of indigenes.     

农业源水污染物削减技术探讨

农业面源污染是水体中COD、氮、磷等指标的主要来源。它包括农药化肥施用、畜禽养殖和农村生活污水排放。对农业源水污染物进行削减是实现污染物总量控制的重要手段。通过详细总结国内外现有农业源水污染物削减技术方法,分析对比其优缺点和实用性,筛选出适用于不同农业污染来源的污水处理技术。结果表明,畜禽养殖废水的适宜处理技术有厌氧/缺氧/好氧(A/A/O)、序批式活性污泥法(SBR)、膜生物反应器(MBR)、升流式厌氧污泥床(UASB)、厌氧沼气池;农地施肥污水的适宜处理技术有SBR、MBR、UASB;农村生活污水的适宜处理技术有厌氧沼气池、生物滴滤池、人工湿地、稳定塘。     

原位洗脱技术对凉水河底泥中氮、磷释放特征的影响

为探讨新兴底泥原位修复技术—原位洗脱技术对城市河流凉水河底泥中氮、磷释放的抑制作用,于现场采集洗脱前后样品并设计室内静态模拟实验,分析了实验期间洗脱组和对照组上覆水中${{\rm{NH}}_4^ + }$-N、${{\rm{NO}}_3^ - }$-N、TN、${{\rm{PO}}_4^{3 - }}$-P、TP浓度和释放速率变化特征。结果表明：洗脱组释放第30天时,${{\rm{NH}}_4^ + }$-N由底泥向上覆水中平均释放速率(−6.51±0.32) mg·(m²·d)⁻¹,对应上覆水中${{\rm{NH}}_4^ + }$-N平均浓度为0.52 mg·L⁻¹,较对照组下降了89.4%;${{\rm{PO}}_4^{3 - }}$-P和TP平均释放速率较对照组降低了78.1%和83.0%,上覆水中TP平均浓度为0.22 mg·L⁻¹,较对照组下降了68.1%。原位洗脱技术对底泥中${{\rm{NH}}_4^ +} $-N、${{\rm{PO}}_4^{3 - }}$-P释放的抑制作用主要通过对有机氮、磷物质的削减和水-沉积物界面还原环境的改善来实现。     

典型进口再生塑料颗粒中重金属溶出特性及其影响因素

为了解我国进口再生塑料颗粒中重金属溶出特性,以某检测机构的5种再生塑料颗粒PP、PE、PS、PET和ABS为研究对象,研究不同温度、不同接触时间和不同模拟液等条件下,再生塑料颗粒中重金属溶出特性。结果表明,在25、40、70 ℃这3种温度下,PP、PE、PET和ABS再生塑料颗粒中重金属铬、铅、锰、镉、汞和铜的溶出量随着温度的升高而增加,PS中重金属浓度随温度升高变化不大;随着接触时间的增长,样品中的6种重金属Cr、Pb、Mn、Cu、Cd、Hg溶出量增长趋势由快至慢,5种再生塑料颗粒中重金属Cr的溶出浓度最高;PE、PS、PET和ABS再生塑料颗粒在4种模拟液中重金属溶出量大小整体呈现出：50%乙酸>3%乙酸>10%乙醇>95%乙醇,但PP再生塑料颗粒中重金属Cu在3%乙酸中的溶出量比10%乙醇中的多。本研究结果可为建立塑料接触材料及制品中重金属溶出量的标准方法提供依据。     

Bioavailability of bound residue derived from 14C-labeled chlorsulfuron in soil and its mechanism of phytotoxicity

The bioavailability of bound residue(BR) derived from ^14C-labeled chlorsulfuron in soil and effect of the main components of the BR on growth of rape( brassica napus) and rice( Oryza sativa L. ) were investigated. The results showed that the BR with the concentration of 0.28 and 0.56 nmol/g air-dried soil, which was calculated by special radioactivity of ^14C-labeled chlorsulfuron parent compound, resulted in significant depression effect on growth of rape seedling. It was assured that the main components(2-amino-4-methoxyl-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazine, 2-amino-4-hydroxyl-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazine, and 2-chloro-benzenesul-fonamide) of the BR did not inhibit the growth of rape and rice. LC-MS analysis demonstrated that the parent compound previously bound to the soil matrix could be again released and transformed into methanol-extractable residue during the course of rape growth. It was concluded that the molecular leading to the phytotoxicity to rape and rice in the BR is still the parent compound.     

Ecological service assessment of human-dominated freshwater ecosystem with a case study in Yangzhou Prefecture, China

Freshwater ecosystems provide a host of services to humanity. These services are now rapidly being lost, not least because of the inability of making the impacts measurable. To overcome this obstacle, assessment frameworks for freshwater ecosystem services are needed. A simple water equivalent framework to assess the ecological services provided by freshwater ecosystems was developed in this study. It translated the occupation of freshwater ecosystem services into biologically freshwater volumes and then compares this consumption to the freshwater throughput, that is, the ecological capacity available in this region. In this way, we use the example of Yangzhou Prefecture, to account the main categories of human occupation of water ecosystem services. The result showed that there is a huge gap between the consumption and the supply of freshwater ecosystem services. This must encourage local government to make land-use and water management decisions both economically rational and environmentally sound.