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An Analysis of the Effects of Land Use and Land Cover on Flood Losses along the Gulf of Mexico Coast from 1999 to 2009 下载免费PDF全文
Samuel D. Brody Wesley E. Highfield Russell Blessing 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2015,51(6):1556-1567
Major coastal flooding events over the last decade have led decision makers in the United States to favor structural engineering solutions as a means to protect vulnerable coastal communities from the adverse impacts of future storms. While a resistance‐based approach to flood mitigation involving large‐scale construction works may be a central component of a regional flood risk reduction strategy, it is equally important to consider the role of land use and land cover (LULC) patterns in protecting communities from floods. To date, little observational research has been conducted to quantify the effects of various LULC configurations on the amount of property damage occurring across coastal regions over time. In response, we statistically examine the impacts of LULC on observed flood damage across 2,692 watersheds bordering the Gulf of Mexico. Specifically, we analyze statistical linear regression models to isolate the influence of multiple LULC categories on over 372,000 insured flood losses claimed under the National Flood Insurance Program per year from 2001 to 2008. Results indicate that percent increase in palustrine wetlands is the equivalent to, on average, a $13,975 reduction in insured flood losses per year, per watershed. These and other results provide important insights to policy makers on how protecting specific types of LULC can help reduce adverse impacts to local communities. 相似文献
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Jeff Snelling Dongye Zhao J. Samuel Arey 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(10):1484-1492
Abstract Methyl tertiary hexyl ether (MtHxE) and methyl tertiary octyl ether (MtOcE) are currently being developed as replacement oxygenates for methyl tertiary butyl ether (MtBE) in gasoline. As was the case with MtBE, the introduction of these ethers into fuel supplies guarantees their introduction into the environment as well. In this study, a screening-level risk assessment was performed by comparing predicted environmental concentrations (PEC) of these ethers to concentrations that might cause adverse effects to humans or ecosystems. A simple box model that has successfully estimated urban air concentrations of MtBE was adapted to predict atmospheric concentrations of MtHxE and MtOcE. Expected atmospheric concentrations of these ethers were also estimated using the European Union System for the Evaluation of Substances (EUSES) multimedia fate model, which simultaneously calculates PECs in the various environmental compartments of air, water, soil, and sediment. Because little or no data are available on the physicochemical, environmental, and toxicological properties of MtHxE and MtOcE, estimation methods were used in conjunction with EUSES to predict both the PECs and the concentrations at which these ethers might pose a threat. The results suggest that these ethers would contaminate the air of a moderately sized U.S. city (Boston, MA) at levels similar to those found previously for MtBE. The risk assessment module in EUSES predicted risk characterization ratios of 10?3 and 10?2 for MtHxE and MtOcE, respectively, in Boston, and 10?2 and 10?1 in very large urban centers, suggesting that these ethers pose only a minimal threat to ecosystems at the anticipated environmental concentrations. The assessment also indicates that these compounds are possible human carcinogens and that they may be present in urban air at concentrations that pose an unacceptable cancer risk. Therefore, testing of the toxicological properties of these compounds is recommended before they replace MtBE in gasoline. 相似文献
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Karen Hardy Stephen Buckley Matthew J. Collins Almudena Estalrrich Don Brothwell Les Copeland Antonio García-Tabernero Samuel García-Vargas Marco de la Rasilla Carles Lalueza-Fox Rosa Huguet Markus Bastir David Santamaría Marco Madella Julie Wilson ángel Fernández Cortés Antonio Rosas 《Die Naturwissenschaften》2012,99(8):617-626
Neanderthals disappeared sometime between 30,000 and 24,000?years ago. Until recently, Neanderthals were understood to have been predominantly meat-eaters; however, a growing body of evidence suggests their diet also included plants. We present the results of a study, in which sequential thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (TD-GC-MS) and pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC-MS) were combined with morphological analysis of plant microfossils, to identify material entrapped in dental calculus from five Neanderthal individuals from the north Spanish site of El Sidrón. Our results provide the first molecular evidence for inhalation of wood-fire smoke and bitumen or oil shale and ingestion of a range of cooked plant foods. We also offer the first evidence for the use of medicinal plants by a Neanderthal individual. The varied use of plants that we have identified suggests that the Neanderthal occupants of El Sidrón had a sophisticated knowledge of their natural surroundings which included the ability to select and use certain plants. 相似文献
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We used an immunofluorescence technique to investigate the effects of varying light regimes on ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate
carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) in individual cells of the chlorophyte Dunaliella tertiolecta Butcher. These studies were carried out between September 1995 and February 1996. The population was heterogeneous with respect
to Rubisco localization in the pyrenoid, i.e. in some cells Rubisco staining was highly concentrated in the pyrenoid while
in others it was evenly distributed throughout the chloroplast stroma. When light intensity was varied sevenfold, the fraction
of the cell population that displayed distinct Rubisco staining in the pyrenoid (PR-index) was correlated with light intensity,
although the average Rubisco abundance per cell or per total cellular protein appeared fairly constant. In darkness, or when
treated with 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethyl urea (DCMU), the PR-index decreased markedly during the first 4 and 3 h,
respectively, and then remained at low levels, while the cell division cycle progression remained unaffected. We conclude
that D. tertiolecta probably possesses an adaptive mechanism, i.e. the redistribution of Rubisco between the pyrenoid (probably the active site
of Rubisco activation and CO2 fixation) and the stroma (probably a reservoir of deactivated Rubisco that is readily available for transport to the pyrenoid
and activation), to respond to variations in irradiance or photosynthetic inhibition. Our results also suggest that this mechanism
is insensitive to slight variations in growth irradiance and to seasonal changes in photoperiod and temperature.
Received: 19 August 1996 / Accepted: 12 September 1996 相似文献