两种接触氧化填料处理洗涤剂废水的比较

以某日化企业在生产过程中产生的洗涤剂废水为处理对象,以接触氧化法为核心工艺,比较了悬挂式组合填料和移动床生物膜反应器(MBBR)悬浮填料对洗涤剂废水的处理效果。实验结果表明:悬挂式组合填料和MBBR悬浮填料的挂膜启动时间分别为13,25 d;当悬挂式组合填料反应器的DO为4.0 mg/L时,COD和LAS的去除率分别为84.33%和89.06%;当MBBR悬浮填料反应器的DO为3.0 mg/L时,COD和LAS的去除率分别为82.54%和90.31%;当MBBR悬浮填料反应器的COD容积负荷为0.5~1.3 kg/(m3·d)时,平均COD去除率为83.91%,继续增大COD容积负荷,COD去除率仍能保持在80%以上;MBBR悬浮填料在COD的高效降解及高浓度有机废水的处理方面优于悬挂式组合填料。     

Solar-induced generation of singlet oxygen and hydroxyl radical in sewage wastewaters

Singlet oxygen (¹O₂) and hydroxyl radical (·OH) play an important role in the degradation of pollutants in surface waters. However, the mechanism underlying the photochemical generation of ¹O₂ and ·OH in wastewaters is poorly known. Here we studied the photo-induced generation of ¹O₂ and ·OH in different sewage treatment plant units. The correlation between the generation of ¹O₂ and ·OH and the water constituents was discussed. Our results show that in sewage units the ¹O₂ formation rate ranges from 2.19 × 10^?8 to 6.74 × 10^?8 mol L^?1 s^?1, and the ·OH formation rate ranges from 1.7 × 10^?11 to 3.06 × 10^?10 mol L^?1 s^?1. The average ¹O₂ formation rates in the various sewage units are similar to those in wetland and estuarine waters containing rich dissolved organic matter and 2–4 times higher than those in lake and seawater samples. The average ·OH formation rates of the sewage units are 5–50 times higher than for other water samples reported. The ·OH generation rate increased with the iron content with a correlation coefficient of 0.85, which indicates that the photo-Fenton reaction plays a dominant role in ·OH generation in sewage wastewater.     

Temporal comparison of global inventories of CO2 emissions from biomass burning during 2002–2011 derived from remotely sensed data

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Biomass burning is a large important source of greenhouse gases and atmospheric aerosols, and can contribute greatly to the temporal variations of CO2...     

Different exposure levels of fine particulate matter and preterm birth: a meta-analysis based on cohort studies

The previous studies estimated the association between PM_2.5 (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than or equal to 2.5 μm) exposure during pregnancy and preterm birth, only considered and highlighted the hazard effects of high levels of air pollutant exposure, and underestimated that low levels of pollutant exposure might also affect pregnancy outcome. We conducted a meta-analysis of 11 cohort studies, a total of more than 1,500,000 subjects. The results of these studies were pooled by exposure levels and study periods. PM_2.5 exposure during pregnancy was positively associated with preterm birth (OR = 1.15, 95% CI = 1.07–1.23), and during the first trimester of pregnancy, low levels of PM_2.5 exposure were also positively associated with preterm birth (OR = 1.17, 95% CI = 1.04–1.30). It is important to protect pregnant women from PM_2.5 exposures, especially during their first trimester of pregnancy even when the ambient PM_2.5 concentration is relatively low. More relevant health policy should be carried out to prevent hazard effect of air pollutants.     

Diffusion of municipal wastewater treatment technologies in China: a collaboration network perspective

The diffusion of municipal wastewater treatment technology is vital for urban environment in developing countries. China has built more than 3000 municipal wastewater treatment plants in the past three decades, which is a good chance to understand how technologies diffused in reality.We used a data-driven approach to explore the relationship between the diffusion of wastewater treatment technologies and collaborations between organizations. A database of 3136 municipal wastewater treatment plants and 4634 collaborating organizations was built and transformed into networks for analysis. We have found that: 1) the diffusion networks are assortative, and the patterns of diffusion vary across technologies; while the collaboration networks are fragmented, and have an assortativity around zero since the 2000s. 2) Important projects in technology diffusion usually involve central organizations in collaboration networks, but organizations become more central in collaboration by doing circumstantial projects in diffusion. 3) The importance of projects in diffusion can be predicted with a Random Forest model at a good accuracy and precision level. Our findings provide a quantitative understanding of the technology diffusion processes, which could be used for waterrelevant policy-making and business decisions.

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Comparison of sequential with intimate coupling of photolysis and biodegradation for benzotriazole

Benzotriazole (BTA) is an emerging contaminant that also is a recalcitrant compound. Sequential and intimate coupling of UV-photolysis with biodegradation were investigated for their impacts on BTA removal and mineralization in aerobic batch experiments. Special attention was given to the role of its main photolytic products, which were aminophenol (AP), formic acid (FA), maleic acid (MA), and phenazine (PHZ). Experiments with sequential coupling showed that BTA biodegradation was accelerated by photolytic pretreatment up to 9 min, but BTA biodegradation was slowed with longer photolysis. FA and MA accelerated BTA biodegradation by being labile electron-donor substrates, but AP and PHZ slowed the rate because of inhibition due to their competition for intracellular electron donor. Because more AP and PHZ accumulated with increasing photolysis time, their inhibitory effects began to dominate with longer photolysis time. Intimately coupling photolysis with biodegradation relieved the inhibition effect, because AP and PHZ were quickly biodegraded and did not accumulate, which accentuated the beneficial effect of FA and MA.

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Feasibility of bubble surface modification for natural organic matter removal from river water using dissolved air flotation

A novel, functionalized bubble surface can be obtained in dissolved air flotation (DAF) by dosing chemicals in the saturator. In this study, different cationic chemicals were used as bubble surface modifiers, and their effects on natural organic matter (NOM) removal from river water were investigated. NOM in the samples was fractionated based on molecular weight and hydrophobicity. The disinfection byproduct formation potentials of each fraction and their removal efficiencies were also evaluated. The results showed that chitosan was the most promising bubble modifier compared with a surfactant and a synthetic polymer. Tiny bubbles in the DAF pump system facilitated the adsorption of chitosan onto microbubble surfaces. The hydrophobic NOM fraction was preferentially removed by chitosan-modified bubbles. Decreasing the recycle water pH from 7.0 to 5.5 improved the removal of hydrophilic NOM with low molecular weight. Likewise, hydrophilic organic compounds gave high dihaloacetic acid yields in raw water. An enhanced reduction of haloacetic acid precursors was obtained with recycle water at pH values of 5.5 and 4.0. The experimental results indicate that NOM fractions may interact with bubbles through different mechanisms. Positive bubble modification provides an alternative approach for DAF to enhance NOM removal.

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Polyoxometalates for photocatalytic degradation of aqueous dyestuff solutions and quantitative structure–property relationship study on photolysis rate constants

Polyoxometalate, K₆TiW₁₁O₃₉Sn·7H₂O (TiW₁₁Sn), was synthesized and characterized. TiW₁₁Sn and K₆ZrW₁₁O₃₉Sn·12H₂O (ZrW₁₁Sn) were evaluated for their photocatalytic degradation of triarylmethane (brilliant green and acid blue 9), bisazo (C.I. reactive black 5), and monoazo dyestuffs (C.I. reactive red 24, C.I. reactive red 194, and C.I. reactive orange 5) with natural sunlight in homogeneous aqueous solutions. TiW₁₁Sn and ZrW₁₁Sn effectively and photocatalytically decolorized the dyestuffs. The TiW₁₁Sn- and ZrW₁₁Sn-mediated photocatalytic degradation of the dyestuffs involved a pseudo-first-order reaction and was modeled by Langmuir–Hinshelwood-type kinetics. The observed pseudo-first-order rate constants (K^/) of triarylmethane dyestuffs were generally bigger than that of the azo dyestuffs. Quantitative structure–property relationship models of the K^/ of the dyestuffs were developed using partial least-square regression. The cumulative variance of the dependent variable explained by the partial least-square components was > 0.753 for each optimal model. This value indicated that the model had good predictive ability and robustness. The K^/ values of the dyestuffs were related to the energy of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital, and the most positive net atomic charges on a sulfur atom of dyestuffs. The linear correlation coefficients between the predicted and experimental values were all > 0.9950.     

废弃农药厂污染场地土壤浸出液的急性毒性和遗传毒性筛查

污染土地再开发是城市土地可持续利用的关键。为进行废弃农药厂的生态风险评价,采集常州市某废弃农药厂污染场地6个不同区域的土壤样品(编号为S1、S2、S3、S4、S5和S6),选取发光细菌、大型溞和蚕豆根尖细胞为试验生物,运用成组生物毒性试验对6个土壤样品的浸出液进行生物毒性检测。结果表明:6个土壤样品的浸出液都具有急性毒性和遗传毒性;发光菌和大型溞急性毒性试验表明,S3和S5的土壤浸出液毒性最高,S6的土壤浸出液毒性最低;蚕豆根尖微核遗传毒性试验表明S3和S5的土壤浸出液毒性最高,S4和S6的土壤浸出液毒性最低。蚕豆根尖微核遗传毒性试验结果与发光菌和大型溞急性毒性效应基本相同,表明成组生物毒性测试法可以用于污染土壤浸出液的毒性评价。污染物质和毒性检测结果的相关性分析结果表明,土壤中所含污染物种类和浓度已经对土壤毒性效应产生影响,结合化学分析与生物毒性检测可为污染场地进行综合评价与风险评估提供依据。     

生态文明建设的关键因素识别

生态文明建设是共创民族伟业、中国圆梦的时代重任,提高生态文明建设水平需要对生态文明建设的关键因素进行分析识别。本文从生态文明意识、生态文明制度和生态文明行为三个方面建立生态文明建设影响因素指标体系,选取全国31个省份2012至2014年的相关数据,运用BP神经网络法降低DEMATEL模型中专家打分建立关联矩阵的主观性,结合摆幅置权法(SW)得出综合重要度,遴选出生态文明建设关键因素。其中,年份最近的2014年计算得出的关键因素按照重要度排序依次为:本级环保能力建设资金使用总额、排污费解缴入库户金额、机动车污染物排放总颗粒物、网站主动公开各类政府环境信息条数和环保系统人员总数。将这些因素按照生态文明的基本内涵划分为三大类,得到3点结论:生态意识虽不起决定性作用,但能强化整个社会的生态文明建设的思想和理念,生态文明意识所占的比例先降后升,不断提高;随着生态文明建设理论和实践经验的丰富,逐渐感受到成熟的制度设计、明确的制度规范才是根本,生态文明制度类别在关键因素中所占的比例越来越高;生态文明行为作为表现形式,随着其他两方面的变化,生态文明行为不断改善,在生态文明建设的关键因素中所占比例下降。本文在生态文明意识方面提出要针对性地帮助和鼓励各级环保部门开展信息公开工作;在生态文明制度方面提出强化环保能力建设资金的监管力度,发挥排污费的真正作用,提升环保系统人员的能力素养,探索新工作思路等举措;在生态文明行为方面提出综合车、油、路等多方面措施防治机动车排放污染等建议。