Fenton氧化去除制药企业活性污泥中AOX的效果研究

用Fenton氧化处理合成制药企业活性污泥混合液,考察了不同Fe~(2+)、H_2O_2投加量和不同反应时间下污泥与上清液中AOX(可吸附有机卤代物)的去除效果,优化了反应条件,探讨了氧化机制.结果表明,Fenton氧化的最佳条件为H_2O_2投加量0.90 mol·L~(-1),Fe~(2+)投加量0.045 mol·L~(-1)[物质的量比为:n(Fe~(2+))∶n(H_2O_2)=1∶20],反应2 h,污泥和上清液中AOX可分别去除70.7%和78.5%.GC-MS分析结果显示,污泥中含有11种有机卤代物,Fenton氧化后有8种不再检出;3种仍有检出,但浓度有所降低,去除率约为40%~50%.与此同时,污泥中对二甲苯、邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯等非有机卤代物类有毒有害有机物也得到有效去除.     

加强土壤污染防治资金和工程项目管理的建议

文章首先分析了中央财政土壤污染防治专项资金的性质,结合资金管理办法进一步阐明了资金使用范围、资金分配方式、绩效导向和信息公开要求。分析了部分省份开展的土壤污染防治工程项目、资金管理制度建设的现状和获得2016年第一批土壤污染防治专项资金支持项目的情况,对比指出了在支持重点、支持方式上的不同特点。基于主要问题,从加强土壤污染防治项目储备库建设、开展项目与资金规范管理的制度建设、明确不同对象的组织管理职责、重视咨询服务队伍和专家队伍建设等四个方面,阐述了加强土壤污染防治项目组织和资金管理的建议,为相关环境管理部门提供决策参考。     

太湖西岸地表水中极性有机污染物非靶向筛查与生态风险评估

环境中新兴污染物层出不穷,已经成为当前环境研究的关键问题.为全面筛查太湖西岸武进和宜兴地区地表水中的潜在极性有机污染物,基于高效液相色谱和飞行时间质谱联用技术进行非靶向筛查,利用精确质量数、同位素分布和二级碎片信息进行质谱库匹配共识别出162个有机物,包括46种农药、34种药物、8种个人护理产品、27种添加剂、17种有机合成中间体和30种动植物代谢物或天然物质,其中45个有机物经过标准品验证.对42种污染物进行定量分析并对3种营养级模式生物物种进行生态风险评估,发现25种污染物具有中等风险以上,12种污染物具有高风险.非靶向筛查能够在无先验信息和标准品的情况下全面识别潜在未知污染物,不仅快速、准确和分析通量高,还能为后续生态风险评估提供重要的依据.     

有机质对三峡库区消落区沉积物磷释放的影响

以三峡库区丰都消落区沉积物为研究对象,通过分析沉积物中磷的赋存形态,以及去除轻组有机质沉积物和沉积物矿物质对磷的吸附等温曲线,揭示了磷的赋存形态及释放与有机质的关系. 结果表明:消落区本底土壤较沉积物w(总磷),w(有机磷)及w(活性磷)更高,首次覆水时更具潜在释磷风险,夏季出露期有利于沉积物有机质和有机磷积累,沉积物有机质矿化分解对磷释放起促进作用,沉积物中w(有机质)与w(有机磷)呈显著正相关,与w(无机磷)呈负相关.      

循环流化床锅炉脱硫效率分析及监测实例

分析总结了循环流化床（CFB）锅炉的脱硫机理以及影响其脱硫效率的各种因素,对某燃煤热电厂和某生物质环保热电厂的循环流化床锅炉脱硫效果（加石灰石前后二氧化硫的排放情况）进行了实测,结果表明：采用循环流化床添加石灰石炉内脱硫后的烟气排放完全满足中国相关排放标准的要求。通过加强对循环流化床锅炉运行的管理,可具有广阔的应用前景。     

适冷微生物研究进展及应用现状

适冷微生物(包括嗜冷微生物、耐冷微生物)是在低温下仍具有生存和繁殖的能力的一类微生物,低温会对微生物产生如酶活性降低、膜流动性变差、蛋白质冷变性、不适当的蛋白质空间折叠和低温下细胞内部构造破坏等不利影响。适冷微生物能克服低温带来的消极影响,并能在极端环境下生长及代谢。随着宏基因组测序、蛋白质组学以及其它分析手段在环境微生物中的应用,作者对低温微生物的一些适应性改变有了新的认识。酶活性中心结构的改变、膜中脂质成分含量的增加,冷适应蛋白的快速表达等都被证明在对低温适应中起着重要作用。文章综述了适冷微生物的适冷机理及其在污染控制领域的应用,为适冷微生物的实际工程应用提供参考,为适冷微生物在环境工程中的进一步广泛应用奠定基础。     

外源硝态氮对典型耕作土壤冻结过程N2O排放的影响

为明确外源硝态氮添加对典型耕作土壤冻结过程N₂O排放的影响,应用室内冰柜模拟土壤冻结过程,研究在室温-冻结过程中硝态氮添加(0、80、200和500 mg/kg)对3种典型耕作土壤(黑土、潮土和黄土)N₂O排放影响的特征. 结果表明:外源硝态氮的添加促进了黑土和潮土的N₂O排放,在200 mg/kg硝态氮添加处理下,黑土和潮土的N₂O排放通量比CK(对照)分别增加了849%和676%;但在添加高浓度(500 mg/kg)硝态氮时,黑土和潮土的N₂O排放通量分别比200 mg/kg处理降低39.3%和21.2%,表现为显著抑制. 随冻结过程的进行,黑土和潮土的N₂O排放通量均逐渐降低并接近零排放. 黄土N₂O排放通量在室温-冻结过程中变化范围很小,甚至出现负排放. 多因素方差分析结果表明,土壤类型显著影响N₂O累计排放量,而土壤pH和C/N是其中重要的影响因子. 根据室内培养试验结果,为减排N₂O,建议在深秋整地施肥时期尽量避免在潮土和黑土中施用硝态氮肥. 黄土的N₂O排放似乎对外源硝态氮的添加反应不明显,这有待在大田气候-植物-土壤综合条件下进一步验证.      

Bioanalytical and instrumental analysis of thyroid hormone disrupting compounds in water sources along the Yangtze River

Thyroid hormone (TH) agonist and antagonist activities of water sources along the Yangtze River in China were surveyed by a green monkey kidney fibroblast (CV-1) cell-based TH reporter gene assay. Instrumental analysis was conducted to identify the responsible thyroid-active compounds. Instrumentally derived l-3,5,3′-triiodothyronine (T₃) equivalents (T₃-EQs) and thyroid receptor (TR) antagonist activity equivalents referring to dibutyl phthalate (DBP-EQs) were calculated from the concentrations of individual congeners. The reporter gene assay demonstrated that three out of eleven water sources contained TR agonist activity equivalents (TR-EQs), ranging from 286 to 293 ng T₃/L. Anti-thyroid hormone activities were found in all water sources with the TR antagonist activity equivalents referring to DBP (Ant-TR-EQs), ranging from 51.5 to 555.3 μg/L. Comparisons of the equivalents from instrumental and biological assays suggested that high concentrations of DBP and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) were responsible for the observed TR antagonist activities at some locations along the Yangtze River.     

Effects of perfluorinated compounds on development of zebrafish embryos

Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) have been widely used in industrial and consumer products and frequently detected in many environmental media. Potential reproductive effects of perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) have been reported in mice, rats and water birds. PFOS and PFOA were also confirmed developing toxicants towards zebrafish embryos; however, the reported effect concentrations were contradictory. Polyfluorinated alkylated phosphate ester surfactants (including FC807) are precursor of PFOS and PFOA; however, there is no published information about the effects of FC807 and PFNA on zebrafish embryos. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the effects of these four PFCs on zebrafish embryos. Normal fertilized zebrafish embryos were selected to be exposed to several concentrations of PFOA, PFNA, PFOS or FC807 in 24-well cell culture plates. A digital camera was used to image morphological anomalies of embryos with a stereomicroscope. Embryos were observed through matching up to 96-h post-fertilization (hpf) and rates of survival and abnormalities recorded. PFCs caused lethality in a concentration-dependent manner with potential toxicity in the order of PFOS > FC807 > PFNA > PFOA based on 72-h LC(50). Forty-eight-hour post-fertilization pericardial edema and 72- or 96-hpf spine crooked malformation were all observed. PFOA, PFNA, PFOS and FC807 all caused structural abnormalities using early stages of development of zebrafish. The PFCs all retarded the development of zebrafish embryos. The toxicity of the PFCs was related to the length of the PFC chain and functional groups.     

三峡库区消落带腐殖酸的表面增强拉曼光谱

选择三峡库区(TGRA)沿岸6个典型段面,分别在145 m和175 m水位,采集土壤和沉积物样品,提取并纯化了腐殖酸(HA),获得各段面HA的红外、拉曼及其在金/银核-壳复合粒子上的表面增强拉曼散射(SERS)光谱,着重探讨了TGRA中HA的SERS与土壤类别、利用方式、水位消落引起的土壤特性变化(pH,ORP,腐殖化...