疏水性有机污染物在草甸土中的吸附和解吸行为

研究5种有机污染物在草甸土中的吸附和解吸行为.结果表明,污染物在土壤中的吸附主要受疏水性作用的影响,吸附数据基本符合传统的线性模型.解吸行为则表现出明显的滞后现象,解吸实验结果与"双元平衡解吸(DED)模型"的预测值相吻合.DED模型能够更加准确地定量描述疏水性有机污染物的解吸行为.     

诺氟沙星对芽期玉米的毒性和氧化损伤研究

畜禽养殖废弃物的农田处置,使大量抗生素进入环境,从而对环境生物产生潜在危害.为了研究诺氟沙星(norfloxacin,Nor)对玉米发芽和幼苗生长的影响,采用水培发芽实验,测定了不同浓度下,诺氟沙星对玉米种子的发芽率和玉米幼苗对诺氟沙星的吸收与传输的影响;另外还研究了诺氟沙星对玉米幼苗生物量、自由基水平、丙二醛(MDA)含量、抗氧化酶活性的影响.结果显示,诺氟沙星能被玉米根吸收并传输到地上部分.0.5mg·L-1～50mg·L-1的诺氟沙星暴露均不影响玉米的发芽率.当诺氟沙星浓度大于1mg·L-1时,幼苗的生长受到抑制,其敏感指标依次为根重>根长>芽长>芽重.诺氟沙星暴露使玉米根、芽中MDA含量明显增加,玉米根中谷胱甘肽硫转移酶(GST),过氧化物酶(POD),超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)等抗氧化酶的活度有显著改变,这表明诺氟沙星暴露能够引起玉米体内的氧化损伤.用电子自旋共振结合二级自由基自旋捕获技术测定了玉米根中自由基水平,发现诺氟沙星能够引起玉米根中大量羟基自由基的产生,为诺氟沙星引起玉米幼苗的氧化损伤提供了直接的证据.     

诺氟沙星对芽期玉米的毒性和氧化损伤研究（Phytotoxicity and Oxidative Stress of Norfloxacin on Maize（Zea mays L.）Germination Stage）

畜禽养殖废弃物的农田处置,使大量抗生素进入环境,从而对环境生物产生潜在危害. 为了研究诺氟沙星（norfloxacin, Nor）对玉米发芽和幼苗生长的影响,采用水培发芽实验,测定了不同浓度下,诺氟沙星对玉米种子的发芽率和玉米幼苗对诺氟沙星的吸收与传输的影响;另外还研究了诺氟沙星对玉米幼苗生物量、自由基水平、丙二醛（MDA）含量、抗氧化酶活性的影响. 结果显示,诺氟沙星能被玉米根吸收并传输到地上部分. 0.5mg·L-1~50mg·L-1的诺氟沙星暴露均不影响玉米的发芽率. 当诺氟沙星浓度大于1mg·L-1时,幼苗的生长受到抑制,其敏感指标依次为根重>根长>芽长>芽重. 诺氟沙星暴露使玉米根、芽中MDA含量明显增加,玉米根中谷胱甘肽硫转移酶（GST）,过氧化物酶（POD）,超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）等抗氧化酶的活度有显著改变,这表明诺氟沙星暴露能够引起玉米体内的氧化损伤. 用电子自旋共振结合二级自由基自旋捕获技术测定了玉米根中自由基水平,发现诺氟沙星能够引起玉米根中大量羟基自由基的产生,为诺氟沙星引起玉米幼苗的氧化损伤提供了直接的证据.     

零价铁/炭去除水中的As(Ⅴ)

将零价铁(ZVI)分别与活性炭,石墨,碳纤维和碳纳米管按照质量比10:1组成电偶腐蚀体系用于水中As(Ⅴ)去除,结果显示零价铁/活性炭组合的去除效果略高于其它组合.XRD测试表明,组合体系中零价铁腐蚀的主要反应产物为纤铁矿,磁铁矿/磁赤铁矿.对零价铁阳极/活性炭阴极不同质量比例的研究表明,1:1时效果最佳.随着电解质浓度升高,As(Ⅴ)去除效率增大,在0.03 mol·1-1 NaCl电解质条件下,初始As(Ⅴ)为5 mg·1-1时,零价铁/活性炭组合与As(Ⅴ)反应2.5 h后,As(Ⅴ)的去除率达到100%.SO2-4,NO-3,CO2-3,SiO4-4,PO3-4等共存阴离子,以及腐殖酸对零价铁/活性炭组合去除As(Ⅴ)影响的研究结果表明,CO2-3,PO3-4和腐殖酸对As(Ⅴ)的去除效率影响不大,SiO4-4具有一定的抑制作用,相反,SO2-4和NO-3表现为明显的促进作用.     

建筑电气火灾事故人员不安全行为风险评估

为量化分析建筑电气火灾事故中不安全动作造成的风险,本文运用事故致因"2-4"模型从火源产生、火灾发展、灭火3个环节进行事故直接原因分析;然后将各环节的不安全动作风险后果和发生概率设为随机变量,构建基于蒙特卡罗法的事故人员不安全行为风险评估模型,运用Crystal Ball 11.1软件分析模拟3个环节不安全动作风险,并对人员不安全行为的敏感性和不确定性进行分析;最后提出建筑电气火灾事故人员不安全动作风险预防措施.结果表明:火源产生环节行为风险最大,火灾发展环节行为风险最小;电器产品使用不当,违规存储、使用易燃易爆物品,未按规定维护保养消防器材设施这3种不安全动作对建筑电气火灾行为风险影响较大.     

大型公园道路网络关键节点脆弱性评价

为更加科学有效地辨识景区道路网络中的客流关键节点,以节点脆弱性为度量指标,提出1种基于FIM模型的关键节点脆弱性评价方法.以某大型公园为例,首先通过ArcGIS软件将该公园的道路网络信息转换成可编译的文本信息,经过Java枚举可行路径,然后利用嵌入FIM算法的Lingo进行优化,得出网络节点的重要度.最后综合节点容量、...     

唐山市概况和灾害潜势分析

本文概述了唐山市的基本情况及其经受的自然灾害和发展趋势,这些内容为制定唐山市综合减灾规划的前提和基础。     

AN INTEGRATED ONE‐DIMENSIONAL AND TWO‐DIMENSIONAL URBAN STORMWATER FLOOD SIMULATION MODEL1

ABSTRACT: Flash flooding is the rapid flooding of low lying areas caused by the stormwater of intense rainfall associated with thunderstorms. Flash flooding occurs in many urban areas with relatively flat terrain and can result in severe property damage as well as the loss of lives. In this paper, an integrated one‐dimensional (1‐D) and two‐dimensional (2‐D) hydraulic simulation model has been established to simulate stormwater flooding processes in urban areas. With rainfall input, the model simulates 2‐D overland flow and 1‐D flow in underground stormwater pipes and drainage channels. Drainage channels are treated as special flow paths and arranged along one or more sides of a 2‐D computational grid. By using irregular computation grids, the model simulates unsteady flooding and drying processes over urban areas with complex drainage systems. The model results can provide spatial flood risk information (e.g., water depth, inundation time and flow velocity during flooding). The model was applied to the City of Beaumont, Texas, and validated with the recorded rainfall and runoff data from Tropical Storm Allison with good agreement.     

Quantifying the global fractionation of polychlorinated biphenyls

Due to the wide range of their physical-chemical properties, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) have played an important role in the derivation of the global fractionation hypothesis, which predicts changes in the composition of persistent organic pollutant mixtures with latitude. Recent historical emission estimates, the derivation of an internally consistent property data set, in combination with a zonally averaged global fate and transport model, allow a quantitative investigation of the compositional shifts PCBs experience as a function of environmental compartment, latitude and time. Model simulations reproduce the higher relative abundance of lighter PCB congeners with increasing latitude, observed in air and soil, and quantify the relative importance of partitioning, persistence and emissions in establishing PCB patterns. Compositional variations consistent with global fractionation, as well as inverted concentration profiles with higher levels in the Arctic than at lower latitudes, are consistent with only minor fractions of the global PCB inventory being transferred northward.     

EMMC process for combined removal of organics, nitrogen and an odor producing substance

In order to improve the process performance regarding the removal of organics, nitrogen, and an odor-causing compound (sulfide) contained in domestic wastewater, an entrapped-mixed-microbial cell (EMMC) with and without humic substances for both fixed and moving carrier reactors and conventional suspended growth culture (i.e. conventional activated sludge process) were investigated simultaneously. Both synthetic (simulated to the organics concentration of general domestic sewage) and actual domestic wastewater were investigated under operational conditions of 12 h of hydraulic retention time (HRT) with 1 h of aeration and 1 h of non-aeration, and 6 h of HRT with continuous aeration, at a room temperature of 25 +/- 2 degrees C. It was found that entrapping humic substances in the EMMC carriers had no impact on the removal of organics, nitrogen, and the odor-producing compound. Additionally, the performance of the EMMC moving carrier system for the removal of these pollutants is similar to that of the EMMC fixed carrier system. In general, the EMMC associated systems which provide high solids retention time achieve a better removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD), nitrogen, and the odor-producing substance than the suspended growth system for both HRTs of 6 h (continuous aeration) and 12 h (1 h of aeration and 1 h of non-aeration). Both the fixed and moving carrier EMMC processes, therefore, have the potential for improvement or replacement of the existing conventional activated sludge process with regard to improving the effluent qualities (such as COD, nitrogen and odor-producing compound) for reuse/disposal.