堆放垃圾渗滤液水溶性有机物的荧光特性

为揭示堆放垃圾渗滤液物质组成特性及其变化规律,采用三维荧光光谱,对4个不同垃圾堆场渗滤液水溶性有机物(DOM)进行了研究.结果显示,堆放垃圾渗滤液样品S1中含有2类蛋白荧光峰:类酪氨酸荧光峰和类色氨酸荧光峰,其他3个样品(S2、S3及S4)只含有类色氨酸荧光峰,此外还出现了类腐殖质荧光峰,且不同样品中该峰的数目、类型及位置均存在差异,显示渗滤液样品S1只含有类蛋白类物质,而其他3个样品除此之外还含有类腐殖质物质,且腐殖化程度各异.类蛋白类物质-Hg(II)配位研究显示,与类色氨酸荧光峰相比,类酪氨酸荧光峰更易受介质微环境改变影响;室温培养模拟研究显示,与类腐殖质物质相比,类蛋白类物质更易发生降解.三维荧光光谱可以有效表征堆场渗滤液DOM物质组成及其变化规律.     

Shell shape variation in populations of Mytilus chilensis (Hupe 1854) from southern Chile: a geometric morphometric approach

The pattern of shell shape variation in populations of the mussel, Mytilus chilensis (Hupe 1854) from Southern Chile was analyzed as a function of sample origin (cultivated vs. wild) and latitude, using standard tools of geometric morphometrics for landmark data. Additionally, posterior adductor muscle index (PAMI), Freeman condition index and shell thickness were measured in each sample. Highly significant differences in shell shape components were found among mussel populations. These differences are related to the origin of samples (expansion of the posterior adductor muscle scar, elongation of the lateral ligament and of the ventral umbo position in non-cultivated samples) and to latitude (more elongated shells and more extended posterior adductor muscle scar in most southern samples when compared with the northernmost ones). PAMI and shell thickness were statistically higher in wild population, and Freeman condition index was higher in cultivated shells. It is suggested that in wild populations of M. chilensis, the mussels may face higher predator pressures and other environmental stress factors. Consequently, individuals may be using higher energy fraction to reinforce shells and to promote adductor muscle growth at the expense of somatic growth. In contrast, individuals found in calm aquaculture environments are relatively protected from predators and use most of their assimilated energy in somatic growth. In turn, this growth depends on changes that covariate with shell morphology.     

电催化氧化技术处理造纸废水的实验研究

通过邻苯二甲酸氢钾(KHP)溶液的电解实验研究了德国引进的金属铌掺硼金刚石膜电极(Nb/BDD)的电化学性质,并利用该电极处理装置处理了东莞某造纸厂造纸废水。考察了电解时间、电流强度及废水的pH值、电解质的浓度、电导率等参数对电化学降解效率的影响。结果表明,Nb/BDD具有优异的污水降解性能,在pH值为3.0,电流密度为37.23 mA/cm2,电压6.9 V,NaCl充当电解质质量浓度0.4 g/L的条件下,电解200 min,装置对再生纸造纸废水的COD的去除率接近70%,BOD/COD为0.4,比能耗为27.6(kW.h/kg)。     

Hydrogeochemical and Isotopic Investigations on Groundwater Salinization in the Datong Basin,Northern China1

Abstract: Analyses of major elements, environmental isotope ratios (δ¹⁸O, δ²H), and PHREEQC inverse modeling investigations were conducted to understand the processes controlling the salinization of groundwater within the Datong Basin. The hydrochemical results showed that groundwater with high total dissolved solid (TDS) concentrations was dominated by sodium bicarbonate (Na‐HCO₃), sodium chlorite (Na‐Cl), and sodium sulfate (Na‐SO₄) type waters, whereas low‐TDS groundwater from near mountain areas was dominated by calcium bicarbonate (Ca‐HCO₃) and magnesium bicarbonate (Mg‐HCO₃) type waters. The characterization of the major components of groundwater and PHREEQC inverse modeling indicated that the aluminosilicate hydrolysis, cation exchange, and dissolution of evaporites (halite, mirabilite, and gypsum) governed the salinization of groundwater within the Datong Basin. The environmental isotope (δ¹⁸O, δ²H) and Cl^?/Br^? ratios revealed the impact of fast vertical recharge by irrigation returns and salt‐flushing water on the groundwater salinization. According to the analyses of major hydrochemical components and PHREEQC inverse modeling, evaporite dissolution associated with irrigation and salt‐flushing practice was probably the dominant controlling factor for the groundwater salinization, especially in the central part of the basin. Therefore, groundwater pumping for irrigation and salt‐flushing should be controlled to protect groundwater quality in this area.     

改进的稳健统计技术在排水检测人员技能评价中的应用

目前排水检测行业中仍缺乏对技术人员进行技能评价的方法,或虽有评价方法,但方法存在不尽规范、合理等问题。稳健统计技术作为能力验证试验中广泛使用的结果评价方法,可消除异常数据的影响,使评价结果准确可靠。将稳健统计技术改进,作为技能评价要素中的一个分量,按照操作的准确性、规范性与熟练性三个方面评价排水检测人员检测数据结果,可以较科学、合理地反映检测人员的技能水平,为提高检测工作质量和实验室管理起到一定的借鉴作用。     

原子荧光法测定污泥中总砷含量的不确定度评定

对采用原子荧光法测定污泥中总砷过程中引入的不确定度进行分析,找出了影响测定结果的因素,并对各不确定度分量及合量进行了评定。测量不确定度主要来源于试样称量、标准溶液配制、工作曲线拟合、污泥含水率、各种玻璃量器的使用及测量重复性。其中样品预处理、样品消解液中总砷的质量浓度及污泥含水率所产生的不确定度较大。这对进一步优化试验方法,提高检测结果的准确性有重要意义。     

双钧安全带及安全防护网的研制与应用

井架用于安放天车、悬挂游车、大钩、水龙头、大钳和吊卡等起升设备和工具,并用以起下和存放钻具、油管、抽油杆或下套管的钢架结构.塔型井架是横截面为正方形或矩形的四棱截锥形空间桁架结构的井架.由许多单一构件用螺栓连接组成,并在井场组装或拆散运移.塔型井架的拆装作业在最高高度为41m的高空进行,属于特高空作业,在施工过程中,易发生高空坠落事故.为保障员工的生命安全,防止事故的发生,胜利石油管理局黄河钻井钻前公司研制了双钩安全带及安全防护网,经现场试用,效果良好.     

HSE培训课程体系建设初探

通过调研国内外HSE培训课程建设情况,提出了建设中国石化HSE培训课程体系的主体架构和主要课程.结合 HSE培训实践活动,阐述了中国石化HSE培训课程体系建设设想.     

20世纪80年代以来我国地震史研究述评

我国是一个地震频发的国家,也是一个地震记载最早而又最详备的国家。20世纪80年代以来,关于地震研究有一定成果涌现。然就整体而论,中国地震史在中国灾害史研究中仍然处于十分薄弱的状态,存在诸多不足。无论从史料的开挖、研究方法和理论的运用,还是研究内容、对象、视角和深度上,都有进一步展拓的可行性与必要性。     

李文海与中国近代灾荒史研究述评

李文海是中国近代灾荒史研究的拓荒者,他对该学科在20世纪80年代后的重新起步、发展做出了重要贡献。此中因由,一方面是上世纪80年代史学的整体研究走向所致,另一方面也与李文海个人的史学理念、实践关系至密。李文海有关近代中国灾荒史的研究成果极为丰富,发表有系列独到观点,这主要体现在灾荒的成因、应对、影响以及灾荒学科价值等方面。在他的引领下,近数十年来我国近代灾荒研究取得了相当之进展,研究成果日渐丰硕,研究队伍日趋壮大。