Life cycle assessment of sewage sludge co-incineration in a coal-based power station

A life cycle assessment was conducted to evaluate the environmental and economic effects of sewage sludge co-incineration in a coal-fired power plant. The general approach employed by a coal-fired power plant was also assessed as control. Sewage sludge co-incineration technology causes greater environmental burden than does coal-based energy production technology because of the additional electricity consumption and wastewater treatment required for the pretreatment of sewage sludge, direct emissions from sludge incineration, and incinerated ash disposal processes. However, sewage sludge co-incineration presents higher economic benefits because of electricity subsidies and the income generating potential of sludge. Environmental assessment results indicate that sewage sludge co-incineration is unsuitable for mitigating the increasing pressure brought on by sewage sludge pollution. Reducing the overall environmental effect of sludge co-incineration power stations necessitates increasing net coal consumption efficiency, incinerated ash reuse rate, dedust system efficiency, and sludge water content rate.     

改性污泥基生物炭的性质与重金属吸附效果

为提高污泥基生物炭在高钙溶液体系中对重金属阳离子的吸附能力,将Fe₂O₃、MnO₂、ZnO与市政污泥以质量比1 ∶10（以过渡金属元素质量计）混合共热解,制备改性生物炭;表征改性生物炭的组成、官能团分布和表面性质,考察其对典型重金属阳离子Cd²⁺的吸附效果.过渡金属氧化物可促进污泥的热解,改性生物炭的H/C原子比均低于0.31,碳链裂解脱氢更彻底.改性生物炭中Fe、Mn保留较好,分别主要以单质和氧化物形态存在;而Zn流失较多.改性生物炭中的孔隙以介孔为主,平均孔径约3.8 nm,比表面积在50 m²·g^-1以上.初始浓度约200 mg·L^-1的Cd²⁺溶液中,Ca²⁺初始浓度从0 mg·L^-1升高到约200 mg·L^-1,Fe改性生物炭对Cd²⁺的吸附容量从43.17 mg·g^-1降至27.88 mg·g^-1,但仍较未改性生物炭高10 mg·g^-1以上,在含钙溶液体系中表现出了对Cd²⁺更强的吸附性能.Fe₂O₃较MnO₂和ZnO对市政污泥基生物炭吸附重金属的强化效果更好.     

In situ preparation of g-C3N4/polyaniline hybrid composites with enhanced visible-light photocatalytic performance

The graphic carbon nitride/polyaniline (g-C₃N₄/PANI) hybrid composites were successfully synthesized by a facile in situ polymerization process under ice water bath. The photocatalytic activities of the g-C₃N₄/PANI composites were evaluated by using oxytetracycline (OTC) as model pollutants. The optimal g-C₃N₄/PANI composite (5%PANI: the g-C₃N₄/PANI hybrid with 5 wt.% of PANI) showed an enhancement degradation rate of 5-fold compared to that of conventional g-C₃N₄ under simulated-sunlight irradiation. In addition, the 5%PANI demonstrate significantly photocatalytic evolution H₂ rate (163.2 μmol/(g?hr)) under the visible light irradiation. Furthermore, based on the results of optical performance and electrochemical testing, a possible mechanism was proposed, indicating that the incorporation of PANI into the traditional g-C₃N₄ can effectively tune the electronic structures, improve the photo-generated electrons-holes separation and enhance extensive absorption of visible light. Such a g-C₃N₄/PANI hybrid nanocomposites could be envisaged to possess great potentials in practical wastewater treatment and water splitting.     

细菌群体感应现象及其在控制膜生物污染中的应用

膜生物污染是限制膜生物反应器大规模推广的主要因素。细菌群体感应是能通过感知分泌到环境中自诱导物浓度的变化来调整基因表达,增强其在复杂环境中的生存能力。细菌群体感应系统与细菌生物膜的整个形成过程包含了黏附、成熟、以及生物膜后期的细胞扩散密切相关。近年的研究表明,利用群体淬灭技术抑制MBR膜生物污染是有效和经济可行的。     

红树林原位生态保育系统中叶绿素a的动态变化及其影响因素

根据2012年8月对广西防城港“红树林原位生态保育系统”示范基地8月1日、8月8日、8月15日3天24小时连续水质监测资料,讨论该系统叶绿素含量的周日变化情况与其他环境因子的关系,分析水质的变化情况。     

吹扫捕集-气相色谱法测定水中乙醛、丙烯醛和丙烯腈的方法研究

建立了吹扫捕集-气相色谱法测定水中乙醛、丙烯醛和丙烯腈的分析方法。进行了吹扫时间和温度的优化,同时对线性范围、方法检出限、精密度、加标回收率和7个工作日连续校准等进行实验。在50℃下,吹扫时间为20min时。该方法乙醛、丙烯醛和丙烯腈的检出限分别为0．005mg／L、0．007mg／L和0．004mg／L,相对标准偏差分别为1．9％-5．1％、3．1—6．8％、1．7％～5．6％,加标回收率分别为92．6％～108％、92．0％-107％、95．3％～105％。结果表明,吹扫捕集气相色谱法测定水中乙醛、丙烯醛和丙烯腈方法简单快捷,灵敏度高,准确性和重现性好,能满足地表水环境质量标准的要求,具有较好的推广性。     

A review on the formation of titania nanotube photocatalysts by hydrothermal treatment

Titania nanotubes are gaining prominence in photocatalysis, owing to their excellent physical and chemical properties such as high surface area, excellent photocatalytic activity, and widespread availability. They are easily produced by a simple and effective hydrothermal method under mild temperature and pressure conditions. This paper reviews and analyzes the mechanism of titania nanotube formation by hydrothermal treatment. It further examines the parameters that affect the formation of titania nanotubes, such as starting material, sonication pretreatment, hydrothermal temperature, washing process, and calcination process. Finally, the effects of the presence of dopants on the formation of titania nanotubes are analyzed.     

Research on OREMS-based large-scale emergency evacuation using vehicles

In densely populated urban areas, in the event of the toxic gases leak, how to accurately determine the risky zone and take effective measures to evacuate inhabitants quickly out of dangerous areas and minimize the unexpected losses is a tropical topic in China. First, the ALOHA code defined any interested accidents scenarios. For any different exposure times and concentrations, the distances down wind direction could be determined, which eventually generated the dead zone, wounded zone, injured zone and evacuation zone. Then, it presented the procedure of an emergency evacuation routes selection, the choice of the principle of refuges and shelters for evacuated inhabitants, as well as evacuation traffic organizations, vehicle assignments, real-time communications and other traffic evacuation strategies. Finally, the OREMS code was proposed to study the sudden leak accident and design emergency response policies (ERP). A sudden gaseous leakage incident in Tianjin Olympic stadium was chosen as an example to verify the raw ERP including the evacuation road network design, the evacuation time for vehicles, vehicle running conditions and the possible road congestions. Results showed that when the radium of the emergency evacuation scope is about 3 km, the time for evacuation of 50% vehicles is proper.     

聚合氯化铝-高锰酸钾-羟基氧化铁复合强化混凝微污染原水

选用聚合氯化铝（PAC）与高锰酸钾、羟基氧化铁进行复配,强化混凝处理微污染原水。研究了复合混凝剂投加量、反应时间、进水pH、进水有机物浓度等对混凝效果的影响及絮体的沉淀性能。结果表明,PAC-KMnO4-β-FeOOH三元复合混凝剂具有显著的强化混凝效果,与相同条件下单投PAC及PAC-KMnO4二元复合混凝相比,TOC去除率分别提高了30%与20%。达到相同的浊度去除效果,三元复配混凝剂可缩短27%~50%的反应时间,减少65%~75%的沉淀时间。进水pH、有机物浓度在一定范围内变动时,PAC-KMnO4-β-FeOOH三元复合混凝剂对浊度与TOC的去除率均高于单投PAC的处理效果,三元复合混凝剂具有较强的抗水质变化冲击能力。     

Effects of relative humidity and PM2.5 chemical compositions on visibility impairment in Chengdu, China

To better understand the potential causes of visibility impairment in autumn and winter in Chengdu, relative humidity(RH), visibility, the concentrations of PM_(2.5) and its chemical components were on-line measured continuously in Chengdu from Nov. 2016 to Jan. 2017.Six obvious haze episodes occurred in Chengdu, with the total time of haze episodes accounted for more than 90% of the total observation period, and higher NO_2 concentrations and RH were related to the high particle concentrations in haze episodes. The visibility decreased in a non-linear tendency under different RH conditions with the increase of PM_(2.5) concentrations, which was more sensitive to RH under lower PM_(2.5) concentrations. The threshold concentration of PM_(2.5) got more smaller with the increase of RH. During the entire observation period, organic matter(OM) was the largest contributor(31.12% to extinction coefficient(bext)), followed by NH_4NO_3 and(NH_4)_2SO_4 with 28.03% and 23.01%, respectively.However, with the visibility impairment from Type I(visibility 10 km) to Type IV(visibility ≤ 2 km), the contribution of OM to bextdecreased from 38.12% to 26.77%, while the contribution of NH_4NO_3 and(NH_4)_2SO_4 to bextincreased from 19.09% and 20.20% to 34.29% and 24.35%, respectively, and NH_4NO_3 became the largest contributor to bextat Type IV. The results showed that OM and NH_4NO_3 were the key components of PM_(2.5) for visibility impairment in Chengdu, indicating that the control of precursors emissions of carbonaceous species and NH_4NO_3 could effectively improve the visibility in Chengdu.