Urban transformation of a metropolis and its environmental impacts

Purpose

The aim of this paper is to understand the sustainability of urban spatial transformation in the process of rapid urbanization, and calls for future research on the demographic and economic dimensions of climate change. Shanghai towards its transformation to a metropolis has experienced vast socioeconomic and ecological change and calls for future research on the impacts of demographic and economic dimensions on climate change. We look at the major questions (1) to explore economic and demographic growth, land use and land-cover changes in the context of rapid economic and city growth, and (2) to analyze how the demography and economic growth have been associated with the local air temperature and vegetation.

Method

We examine urban growth, land use and land-cover changes in the context of rapid economic development and urbanization. We assess the impact of urban expansion on local air temperature and vegetation. The analysis is based on time series data of land use, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), and meteorological, demographic and economic data.

Results and discussion

The results indicate that urban growth has been driven by mass immigration; as a consequence of economic growth and urban expansion, a large amount of farmland has been converted to paved road and residential buildings. Furthermore, the difference between air temperature in urban and exurban areas has increased rapidly. The decrease of high mean annual NDVI has mainly occurred around the dense urban areas.     

Rapidly eliminating pathogenic microorganisms in large air space using spraying *OH radicals

A new method for rapidly eliminating pathogenic microorganisms in large air space using spraying *OH radicals is presented in this paper With a physical method of strong electric-field discharge, large numbers of *OH radicals were produced by the oxygen activated particles of O2+, O(1D), O(3P), etc., and the introducing reagent HO2-. The gram-positive bacteria Bacillus subtilis, the gram-negative bacteria Serratia marcescens, and Bacillus spores were used for the eliminating experiments. Results show that the different microorganisms were rapidly killed by *OH radicals with a concentration of 0.8 mg/L and spraying density of 21 microL/m2 within 4 sec. Cell morphological changes were also observed under microscope. The cells of B. subtilis and Bacillus spores in their cellular wall, cellular membrane, or cell protoplasm were greatly destroyed when being exposed to a killing dosage of *OH radicals.     

松树锯末对亚甲基蓝（MB）的吸附研究

采用松树锯末以及改性松树锯末对模拟废水中的亚甲基蓝进行吸附实验研究。研究结果表明,当亚甲基蓝的初始浓度为50 mg/L、pH为6、锯末投加量为1 g/L时,改性前后的锯末对亚甲基蓝的吸附量最大,分别为29.9 mg/g和60.6 mg/g。同时,对改性前后的锯末做了吸附等温线拟合及动力学研究。结果表明,吸附等温线均能很好地符合Langmuir吸附模式,吸附过程符合拟二级动力学方程。     

SO2-4/TiO2光催化降解苯酚

以工业硫酸氧钛为原料水解制得SO42-/TiO2光催化剂,并以苯酚为目标降解物,考察了SO24-/TiO2的光催化性能。结果表明:随着SO42-/TiO2制备过程中焙烧温度的升高,其光催化活性逐渐增加,650℃焙烧获得的SO24-/TiO2的光催化活性最好,此后再升高温度会因催化剂中硫的挥发而下降;在确定苯酚原液初始浓度为50 mg/L条件下,SO42-/TiO2的光催化降解苯酚的最佳工艺条件为反应时间2 h、苯酚pH为7、催化剂用量1 g/L。XRD、SEM和FTIR的分析结果显示实验温度下制得的SO42-/TiO2均为锐钛型TiO2;其间掺杂的SO24-在TiO2表面分散性较好,没有聚集成大的颗粒;红外分析的结果初步判定低温(<550℃)焙烧制得的催化剂SO42-在TiO2表面是螯合双配位吸附,高温焙烧时(>550℃)SO42-在TiO2表面是桥式配位吸附。     

一体化臭氧-曝气生物滤池处理酸性玫瑰红印染模拟废水

针对含酸性玫瑰红印染废水高色度、难生物降解的特点,分别采用了一体化和分离式臭氧-曝气生物滤池(O3-BAF)工艺处理。与分离式工艺相比,一体化工艺的特点是在一个反应器内部同时实现臭氧氧化和生化的协同作用,降低了处理设施的基建和运行费用。实验结果表明,一体化工艺处理效果明显优于分离式工艺,脱色率达92%,COD去除率达60%,处理效果良好。     

生物倍增工艺同步脱氮除磷强化途径分析

通过对生物倍增工艺处理市政污水的沿程污染物降解规律的考察表明,工艺对有机物的去除效果显著,COD和BOD5出水分别为47.80 mg/L和19.80 mg/L;氨氮去除率可达100%。发现厌氧区提前发生反硝化并一定程度上影响系统除磷效果;通过对各主要影响因素进行分析,认为低碳源的进水条件是影响系统同步脱氮除磷效果的关键因素;提出在进水口直接添加碳源以及分点进水的碳源分配＋辅助化学除磷的方式可强化氮磷去除效果。     

天然膨润土还原吸附Cr（Ⅵ）

以天然膨润土为吸附剂,还原吸附处理含Cr（Ⅵ）模拟废水。实验结果表明：以（NH₄）₂FeSO₄为还原剂吸附效果最佳;在还原剂加入量为理论值的0.8倍、膨润土加入量为6 g/L、吸附时间为30 min、吸附温度为30 ℃、初始Cr（Ⅵ）质量浓度为1 mg/L的条件下,Cr（Ⅵ）去除率可达99.6%,处理后模拟废水中总铬质量浓度低至0.003 mg/L。天然膨润土对Cr（Ⅵ）的还原吸附符合准二级动力学模型及Freundlich等温吸附模型。     

The Importance of Temporal and Spatial Vegetation Structure Information in Biotope Mapping Schemes: A Case Study in Helsingborg,Sweden

Temporal and spatial vegetation structure has impact on biodiversity qualities. Yet, current schemes of biotope mapping do only to a limited extend incorporate these factors in the mapping. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the application of a modified biotope mapping scheme that includes temporal and spatial vegetation structure. A refined scheme was developed based on a biotope classification, and applied to a green structure system in Helsingborg city in southern Sweden. It includes four parameters of vegetation structure: continuity of forest cover, age of dominant trees, horizontal structure, and vertical structure. The major green structure sites were determined by interpretation of panchromatic aerial photographs assisted with a field survey. A set of biotope maps was constructed on the basis of each level of modified classification. An evaluation of the scheme included two aspects in particular: comparison of species richness between long-continuity and short-continuity forests based on identification of woodland continuity using ancient woodland indicators (AWI) species and related historical documents, and spatial distribution of animals in the green space in relation to vegetation structure. The results indicate that (1) the relationship between forest continuity: according to verification of historical documents, the richness of AWI species was higher in long-continuity forests; Simpson’s diversity was significantly different between long- and short-continuity forests; the total species richness and Shannon’s diversity were much higher in long-continuity forests shown a very significant difference. (2) The spatial vegetation structure and age of stands influence the richness and abundance of the avian fauna and rabbits, and distance to the nearest tree and shrub was a strong determinant of presence for these animal groups. It is concluded that continuity of forest cover, age of dominant trees, horizontal and vertical structures of vegetation should now be included in urban biotope classifications.     

3种载体固定化菌藻共生系统脱氮除磷效果的对比

采用3种不同载体（海藻酸钠、聚乙烯醇、复合载体）,分别将小球藻和栅藻与活性污泥固定成菌藻共生系统,制成菌藻凝胶小球,单独菌、单独藻的凝胶小球,用于处理人工污水。结果表明,（1）复合载体固定的菌藻共生系统氮磷去除效果最好,PVA载体的脱氮除磷效果次于复合载体优于海藻酸钠;（2）固定化菌藻共生系统的脱氮除磷效果明显优于单独固定菌和单独固定藻,固定菌的效果较差;（3）3种载体包埋下的固定化小球藻的脱氮除磷效果均较相同载体固定化的栅藻效果好。     

畜禽沼液中抗生素和激素的微波处理

通过间歇处理和连续处理实验,探讨微波技术对沼液中四环素类抗生素和激素喹乙醇去除的效果。结果表明,沼液在微波间歇处理中,最优反应时间为40min。此条件下沼液中喹乙醇、土霉素、四环素和金霉素的去除率分别达到26％、49％、48％和70％;微波可显著提高可生化性,BOD5／COD值达到0．37。微波一好氧处理系统中COD与氨氮的去除率分别达到91％和93％,明显优于单独好氧处理。沼液微波连续处理中,最优HRT为90min,此时喹乙醇、土霉素、四环素和金霉素的去除率分别达到24％、45％、50％和74％;BOD5／COD值达到0．34。微波．好氧处理系统中COD与氨氮的去除率均为90％,优于单独好氧处理效果。