How many samples are required? Evaluating a model for verification of carbon sequestration in a hybrid poplar buffer strip

A model is developed to predict annual and total above-ground carbon storage within a hybrid poplar stream buffer. The regression model predicts tree wet weight based upon circumference at breast-height (137 cm) with an r-square value of 0.9922. Carbon storage in above-ground biomass is estimated to be 3.57 to 3.71 metric tons per hectare, with a measured annual increment of 0.92 to 1.37 metric ton per hectare per year. The variability of carbon storage within this biological system, including soil organic matter, is explored, and the number of samples required to achieve a desired level of statistical certainty are predicted. As has been investigated previously for other biological systems (Garten and Wullschleger, 1999), the study shows that a prohibitively large number of samples must be taken in order to achieve high degrees of certainty about mean carbon storage values. The study also shows, however, that mean values with somewhat greater uncertainties can easily be achieved with much smaller sample sizes. Thus carbon sequestration verification might be accomplished cost-effectively if the degree of certainty required is not unrealistically high for highly variable natural systems.     

Generation of Ensemble Streamflow Forecasts Using an Enhanced Version of the Snowmelt Runoff Model1

Harshburger, Brian J., Von P. Walden, Karen S. Humes, Brandon C. Moore, Troy R. Blandford, and Albert Rango, 2012. Generation of Ensemble Streamflow Forecasts Using an Enhanced Version of the Snowmelt Runoff Model. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 48(4): 643‐655. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2012.00642.x Abstract: As water demand increases in the western United States, so does the need for accurate streamflow forecasts. We describe a method for generating ensemble streamflow forecasts (1‐15 days) using an enhanced version of the snowmelt runoff model (SRM). Forecasts are produced for three snowmelt‐dominated basins in Idaho. Model inputs are derived from meteorological forecasts, snow cover imagery, and surface observations from Snowpack Telemetry stations. The model performed well at lead times up to 7 days, but has significant predictability out to 15 days. The timing of peak flow and the streamflow volume are captured well by the model, but the peak‐flow value is typically low. The model performance was assessed by computing the coefficient of determination (R²), percentage of volume difference (Dv%), and a skill score that quantifies the usefulness of the forecasts relative to climatology. The average R² value for the mean ensemble is >0.8 for all three basins for lead times up to seven days. The Dv% is fairly unbiased (within ±10%) out to seven days in two of the basins, but the model underpredicts Dv% in the third. The average skill scores for all basins are >0.6 for lead times up to seven days, indicating that the ensemble model outperforms climatology. These results validate the usefulness of the ensemble forecasting approach for basins of this type, suggesting that the ensemble version of SRM might be applied successfully to other basins in the Intermountain West.     

离子色谱法测定环境空气中氯化氢时应注意的问题

用离子色谱法测定大气中低浓度氯化氢,方法灵敏、准确度高,但测定过程极易受污染干扰.本文主要探讨了在前期准备、采样和分析全过程中应注意的一些问题.     

环境的不确定性对声纳作用距离预报的影响

由于海洋环境的复杂性,声速梯度存在一定的不确定性.用蒙特卡洛方法对声速梯度进行模拟统计,并用WKBZ方法计算传播损失,得出各个距离上传播损失的概率分布直方图,由此可以导出声纳作用距离的概率分布直方图.相对于传统的声纳作用距离预报结果,文中给出的作用距离预报结果是一个满足某一分布的随机变量,而非某一个单一确定的值,为作用距离的预报提供了概率的依据.     

Rapid matching in Drosophila place learning

The level of conditioned behavior in animals is proportional to the intensity, amount, frequency, or probability of reinforcement. Interestingly, this matching can be dynamic, with performance levels following, for example, a switch in the probability of reinforcement with a short delay. We previously found that conditioned performance levels in Drosophila match reinforcement intensity in a place conditioning paradigm. Whether Drosophila can match conditioned behavior to a change in reinforcement intensity was an open question. In this study, we found that both conditioned behavior and memory levels match reinforcement intensity after a switch, and this rapid matching occurs within 2 min. Thus, fruit flies can dynamically match conditioned behavior and memory levels to a change in reinforcement intensity.     

上海环城林带植物群落景观美学评价

以上海环城林带为对象,采用美景度评判法进行不同植被类型的景观评价,评价分为林内景观和林外景观2个空间层次,分别在春、夏、秋、冬4个季节进行。结果表明,林内景观平均值和林外景观的美景度都表现为夏季最高,冬季最低。在不同植被类型的林内景观中,落叶针叶林在不同季节均表现出最高的美景度,竹林的美景度最低;针叶林中,常绿针叶林的美景度四季均低于落叶针叶林;阔叶林中,落叶阔叶林的美景度在春季和夏季高于常绿落叶林,常绿阔叶林在秋季和冬季高于落叶阔叶林;混交林中,除秋季外,针阔混交林的美景度均高于常绿落叶阔叶混交林。     

苔藓植物资源保护利用中的生态环境效应研究进展

苔藓植物资源丰富、种类繁多、分布广泛,是一类以孢子繁殖,由水生向陆生过渡的高等植物。苔藓植物的结构相对简单,对环境变化的反应较为敏感,被广泛应用为环境污染的指示植物。苔藓植物生长与所处的环境有关,而它的生长对土壤结皮形成、水土保持、生态小环境改善等方面又发挥着重要的促进作用。综述了苔藓植物的资源分布、苔藓植物对环境污染的响应、苔藓植物的生态效应等方面的研究进展,但是目前的研究领域及其研究角度还存在着各自的不足。随着经济建设快速发展,世界各地大量的矿山开采、水电开发等工程建设对土地、自然环境的破坏日益严重,非农业建设以及农产品需求不断增加造成了农田的生态结构与功能发生着不断变化。针对各地经济社会发展以及城乡建设现状,积极开展工程建设领域以及农田生态系统苔藓植物的生态环境效应研究是今后值得十分重视的研究方向。     

苔藓植物资源保护利用中的生态环境效应研究进展

苔藓植物资源丰富、种类繁多、分布广泛,是一类以孢子繁殖,由水生向陆生过渡的高等植物。苔藓植物的结构相对简单,对环境变化的反应较为敏感,被广泛应用为环境污染的指示植物。苔藓植物生长与所处的环境有关,而它的生长对土壤结皮形成、水土保持、生态小环境改善等方面又发挥着重要的促进作用。综述了苔藓植物的资源分布、苔藓植物对环境污染的响应、苔藓植物的生态效应等方面的研究进展,但是目前的研究领域及其研究角度还存在着各自的不足。随着经济建设快速发展,世界各地大量的矿山开采、水电开发等工程建设对土地、自然环境的破坏日益严重,非农业建设以及农产品需求不断增加造成了农田的生态结构与功能发生着不断变化。针对各地经济社会发展以及城乡建设现状,积极开展工程建设领域以及农田生态系统苔藓植物的生态环境效应研究是今后值得十分重视的研究方向。     

In situ remediation of PCE at a site with clayey lithology and a significant smear zone

Groundwater at the former Serry's Dry Cleaning site in Corvallis, Oregon, was impacted by chlorinated volatile organic compounds (CVOCs). The primary CVOCs impacting the site include tetrachloroethene, trichloroethene, dichloroethene, and vinyl chloride, which were detected at concentrations up to 22,000, 1,700, 3,100, and 7 μg/L, respectively, prior to treatment. Large seasonal fluctuations in groundwater CVOC concentrations indicated that a significant fraction of the CVOC mass was present in the smear zone. Field‐scale pilot tests were performed for the Oregon Department of Environmental Quality's Dry Cleaner Program to evaluate the performance of EHC® in situ chemical reduction (ISCR) technology. The pilot study involved evaluating field performance and physical distribution into low‐permeability soil using basic Geoprobe® injection tooling. The testing results confirmed that bioremediation enhanced by ISCR supported long‐term treatment at the site. This article describes the implementation and results of the tests. Performance data are available from a three‐year period following the injections, allowing for a discussion about sustained performance and reagent longevity. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.