甲苯对UASB反应器中溶解性微生物产物的影响

以乙酸钠为外加碳源,考察了UASB反应器内甲苯对可溶性微生物产物（SMP）的影响。实验结果表明：低质量浓度（20~70 mg/L）的甲苯对微生物有刺激作用,使得污泥增殖速率变小,SMP的质量浓度也逐渐减少,经过一段时间的驯化后,系统COD和TOC的去除率分别达到93%和94%以上,下降趋势较小;较高质量浓度（70~200 mg/L）的甲苯对微生物有抑制作用,污泥活性下降,反应器运行状况开始恶化,SMP的质量浓度也逐渐增大,经过一段时间的驯化后,系统COD和TOC的去除率分别维持在81%和83%以上;当甲苯质量浓度超过200 mg/L时,表现为污泥活性严重下降,对COD的去除效果极差。     

Fe(III)–EDDS complex in Fenton and photo-Fenton processes: from the radical formation to the degradation of a target compound

The present work compares the efficiency of homogenous Fenton and photo-Fenton processes in the presence of Fe(III)–EDDS complex under different experimental conditions. 4-tert-Butylphenol (4-t-BP), which is one of the endocrine disrupting chemicals, was used as a model pollutant to investigate the Fenton and photo-Fenton application. The efficiency of homogenous photo-Fenton process was significantly much higher than homogenous Fenton process, which is due to the rapid formation of Fe²⁺ under UV irradiation of the iron complex and the photochemical formation of HO^? from the photolysis of the complex Fe(III)–EDDS. Through the degradation of 4-t-BP, the effect of Fe(III)–EDDS concentration, H₂O₂ concentration, pH, and oxygen was investigated in both processes. Such trend was also correlated with pH calculating the polychromatic Fe²⁺ quantum yield formation at pH 4.0, 6.0, and 8.6. The results showed that at high Fe(III)–EDDS and H₂O₂ concentrations, a negative effect was found. By the way, the Fenton process was found to be enhanced at basic pH. These results can be very useful for the use and optimization of such iron complex in water treatment process as function of different physico-chemical conditions.     

废旧冰箱拆解聚氨酯泡沫塑料制备PU/PP复合材料

利用废旧冰箱拆解的聚氨酯泡沫塑料(PU)和聚丙烯(PP)、聚丙烯接枝马来酸酐(PP-g-MAH)为原料,采用物理化学回收技术制备PU/PP复合材料。用正交实验法分析PU填充量、PU粒径和PP-g-MAH 3个因素对PU/PP复合材料力学性能影响的显著性。结果表明,PU填充量对PU/PP复合材料拉伸性能有显著影响,对冲击性能和弯曲性能没有显著影响;在本文的实验范围内,PU粒径对PU/PP复合材料的力学性能影响不大;而PP-g-MAH投加量对PU/PP复合材料具有一定的影响。确定的优化工艺配方为:PU 40%;PU粒径选择2.00 mm;PP-g-MAH投加量10%。采用优化工艺制备的PU/PP复合材料的密度为1 042.88 kg/m3;冲击强度为2.9 kJ/m2;拉伸强度为10.30 MPa;拉伸模量为1 100 MPa;弯曲强度为18.5 MPa;弯曲模量为733 MPa。     

A multi-objective assessment of an air quality monitoring network using environmental,economic, and social indicators and GIS-based models

In the United States, air pollution is primarily measured by Air Quality Monitoring Networks (AQMN). These AQMNs have multiple objectives, including characterizing pollution patterns, protecting the public health, and determining compliance with air quality standards. In 2006, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency issued a directive that air pollution agencies assess the performance of their AQMNs. Although various methods to design and assess AQMNs exist, here we demonstrate a geographic information system (GIS)-based approach that combines environmental, economic, and social indicators through the assessment of the ozone (O₃) and particulate matter (PM10) networks in Maricopa County, Arizona. The assessment was conducted in three phases: (1) to evaluate the performance of the existing networks, (2) to identify areas that would benefit from the addition of new monitoring stations, and (3) to recommend changes to the AQMN. A comprehensive set of indicators was created for evaluating differing aspects of the AQMNs’ objectives, and weights were applied to emphasize important indicators. Indicators were also classified according to their sustainable development goal. Our results showed that O₃ was well represented in the county with some redundancy in terms of the urban monitors. The addition of weights to the indicators only had a minimal effect on the results. For O₃, urban monitors had greater social scores, while rural monitors had greater environmental scores. The results did not suggest a need for adding more O₃ monitoring sites. For PM10, clustered urban monitors were redundant, and weights also had a minimal effect on the results. The clustered urban monitors had overall low scores; sites near point sources had high environmental scores. Several areas were identified as needing additional PM10 monitors. This study demonstrates the usefulness of a multi-indicator approach to assess AQMNs. Network managers and planners may use this method to assess the performance of air quality monitoring networks in urban regions.

Implications:The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency issued a directive in 2006 that air pollution agencies assess the performance of their AQMNs; as a result, we developed a GIS-based, multi-objective assessment approach that integrates environmental, economic, and social indicators, and demonstrates its use through assessing the O₃ and PM₁₀ monitoring networks in the Phoenix metropolitan area. We exhibit a method of assessing network performance and identifying areas that would benefit from new monitoring stations; also, we demonstrate the effect of adding weights to the indicators. Our study shows that using a multi-indicator approach gave detailed assessment results for the Phoenix AQMN.     

表面活性剂改性4A分子筛对Cr(VI)的吸附行为

采用浸渍法对4A分子筛进行表面改性,通过引入阳离子表面活性剂,使4A分子筛表面附着季铵型阳离子,并与反离子Br-形成"阴离子交换膜",从而促使更多的Cr(VI)阴离子通过离子交换吸附到改性4A分子筛上,通过X-射线衍射(XRD)和傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)对样品的物相结构和组成进行表征分析。研究表明,表面活性剂的类型和疏水碳氢链结构会影响4A分子筛的吸附能力,十八烷基三甲基溴化铵(OTAB)碳氢链长,在分子筛表面形成的双分子层密,对Cr(VI)的吸附量最大。采用准一级、准二级、Elovich和Bangham动力学模型对六价铬的吸附数据进行拟合,其中准一级动力学方程最符合十八烷基三甲基溴化铵改性分子筛的吸附行为。同时,分别从Langmuir和Redlich-Peterson等温吸附模型获得六价铬的最大吸附量为13.98 mg/g,且改性分子筛以均一表面吸附为主。     

直接投菌法在城市重污染河流治理中的应用研究

在无截污和清除内源的情况下,对深圳市甘坑河采用梅花式接种法将本源微生物菌剂分两次直接接入河流水体及底泥中。结果表明,第1次接种后的4 d内各项水质指标都不稳定,4 d后,悬浮物、COD、TP和NH3-N等浓度下降,水质明显改善;但从第8天开始,COD、NH3-N和TP的去除率同时下降,本源微生物的处理效率开始降低,需进行第2次接种;第2次接种后,DO浓度提升至2.0 mg/L以上,COD、TP和NH3-N的去除率分别保持在40%、30%和40%以上。结果表明,直接投菌法在城市重污染河道治理中可以初步消除河道的黑臭现象,修复水质。     

基于CA-MAS的水域总有机碳扩散模拟研究

当前水环境污染扩散研究一般基于普通数值模型模拟,忽略了水污染扩散微观驱动力的影响。为能更真实地反映其动态扩散过程,针对水域总有机碳(TOC)扩散机理,基于CA和MAS技术,将影响TOC扩散的自然和社会经济因素抽象为微观的水流Agent、风速Agent、径流量Agent、污水排放口Agent、人工管理Agent以及农业生产地Agent,将研究水域抽象为CA元胞空间,建立了CA-MAS水域总有机碳扩散模型,对水域总有机碳的动态演化过程进行模拟,并以武汉理工大学鉴湖水域作为实验区域,借助NetLogo仿真平台完成了模型的实现与验证。模拟结果表明,该模型基本能够反映水体总有机碳的扩散规律,可以为水环境污染控制提供参考。     

The influences of pH and ionic strength on the sorption of tylosin on goethite

As one of the widely used antibiotics in the world, the environmental risks of tylosin (TYL) received more and more attention. In order to assess its environmental fate and ecological effects accurately, it is necessary to understand the sorption properties of TYL on the soils/sediments. The sorption of TYL on goethite at different pH and ionic strength conditions were measured through a series of batch experiments and the sorption data of TYL were fitted by Freundlich and dual-mode sorption models. It was obvious that sorption was strongly dependent on pH and ionic strength. Sorption capacity of TYL increased as the pH increased and ionic strength decreased. The pH and ionic strength-dependent trends might be related with complexation between cationic/neutral TYL species and goethite. The sorption affinity of TYL on goethite decreased as ionic strength increased, which only occurred at higher TYL concentrations, suggested that inner complex might have dominated process at low concentrations and outer complex might occur at higher concentrations of TYL. Spectroscopic evidence indicated that tricarbonylamide and hydroxyl functional groups of TYL might be accounted for the sorption on mineral surfaces. The experimental data of TYL sorption could be fitted by surface complexation model (FITEQL), indicating that ≡FeOH with TYL interaction could be reasonably represented as a complex formation of a monoacid with discrete sites on goethite. The sorption mechanism of TYL might be related with surface complexation, electrostatic repulsion, and H-bounding on goethite. It should be noticed that the heterogeneous of sorption affinity of TYL on goethite at various environment to assess its environment risk.     

初级基质对降解菌Pseudomonas putida共代谢苯扎贝特的影响

通过对3,5-二硝基水杨酸(DNS)法测定还原糖含量各影响因素的筛选,优化确定了显色时间8 min,稳定时间10 min,最佳波长490 nm下进行吸光度测定的检测方法;分析分别以葡萄糖和麦芽糖作为外加碳源时,降解菌Pseudomonas putida B-31的生长情况和共代谢降解典型药物苯扎贝特(BZF)的过程。结果表明,降解菌只有在外加碳源的条件下才可正常生长,而且其在葡萄糖环境中生长得更好;拟合得到的葡萄糖、麦芽糖和BZF代谢动力学结果显示,葡萄糖对BZF去除的促进作用更为明显,同时从葡萄糖培养基中降解菌所提取的酶比活力要高于麦芽糖培养基,分析原因可能是葡萄糖所诱导的降解菌关键酶活力更强,而且还可能会产生不同的蛋白质点位。     

微波再生载苯酚活性炭过程中再生产物分析

研究了载氮气和无载气2种条件下,微波再生载苯酚活性炭过程中再生产物的成分和苯酚随再生过程的去向分布。结果表明,无载气时,微波功率越高,再生反应器内温度越高,吸附质的高温裂解反应越彻底,再生产物以挥发性气体为主,有机质种类很少;而当微波功率较低或载氮气再生时,反应器内温度相对较低,苯酚难以被彻底分解,再生产物中含多种复杂的链状或环状有机物。此外,载氮气时,经气提、挥发而去除的苯酚量约占总吸附量的一半,再生炭上无苯酚残留,活性炭吸附性能可完全恢复乃至优化;无载气时,经挥发而去除的苯酚量只有19.9%,其余大量苯酚则在微波作用下裂解或缩合为其他物质随尾气而去除,且再生炭上仍有少量苯酚未被解吸出来。因此,前者活性炭再生的效果优于后者。