膜生物反应器在水处理中的研究及应用

膜生物反应器(MBR)是通过膜强化生化反应的水处理新技术.本文对MBR的特点、应用类型、水处理机理进行了阐述;综述了该技术在国内外的研究进展以及应用现状;并对MBR存在的问题与应用前景作了讨论,MBR有望在新世纪成为传统水处理方法的一种替代工艺.     

基于重要生态节点独流减河流域生态廊道构建

河道、湿地、湖库和河口等生态节点是区域生物多样性保护的重要景观要素,而生态廊道是连接这些重要生态节点的"桥梁"和"纽带".针对中尺度流域景观破碎化问题,以天津市独流减河流域为例,在景观生态学理论指导下,借助GIS与RS技术,基于"河道-湿地-湖库-河口"等重要生态节点,重点考虑景观类型和人类活动干扰的影响,利用最小累积阻力模型构建生态廊道,识别生态节点与生态断裂点,并对其空间结构进行定量化分析,进而规划设计了研究区的生态框架.结果表明:①45条生态廊道的网络连接度评价指标——α指数（网络环度）、β指数（节点连接率）和γ指数（连接度）分别为0.32、1.56、0.56,说明廊道网络具有较高的连通性和复杂度,有利于生态流的顺畅流动.②共识别26个生态节点和35个生态断裂点,明确了研究区需重点保护建设和修复改善的关键点（区）的地理位置.③廊道最佳宽度为30~60 m,空间配置以草地、林地和水域等重要景观类型为主,约占70.63%~78.97%,能够为物种提供高质量的栖息地和迁移通道.④廊道网络中河流廊道为主要廊道类型,其长度约占廊道总长度的51.19%,具有丰富的水资源和植被种类,所构建的"一轴两心九带"的生态框架具有重要的生态服务功能.研究显示,基于重要生态节点构建生态廊道和生态框架能够提高独流减河流域的景观连接度,对该流域的生态安全格局规划和生态工程建设具有重要参考价值.      

湖北家电拆解业溴系阻燃剂在不同介质中的分布及危害

含有多溴联苯（PBBs）和多溴二苯醚（PBDEs）的废旧家电,在拆解利用过程中这两类物质若释放到环境中会导致环境和职业卫生危害.通过检测湖北省5家定点拆解企业拆解下来的塑封料、含铅玻璃、废线路板（WPB）、填充物和废塑料5类拆解件及拆解车间废气、环境空气、降尘样、飞灰4个不同环境介质中的PBBs和PBDEs含量和组分,了解拆解零部件中该类污染物的存在现状,并评估作业场所的环境状况及作业工人的职业暴露风险.结果表明,拆解件中仅10.7%的废线路板中检出PBDEs,含量为9955~26519 mg·kg^-1.各车间环境介质样品中的PBBs成分以PPB-209为主,PBBs最高含量为0.291 mg·g^-1,PBDEs以BDE-209为主,PBDEs含量最高的是洗衣机拆解车间和电视机/电脑拆解车间.环境空气中PBDEs暴露量最高和最低的分别是洗衣机拆解车间和冰箱/空调拆解车间,应加强洗衣机拆解车间环境空气的改善和监控.     

HAZOP分析技术在输气管道站场的应用

运用HAZOP分析技术,对某输气站场进行危害辨识和风险评价,提出了相应的建议措施,设计单位和管道运营单位根据分析报告对中、高风险偏差加强了控制,并对风险控制建议措施落实到下一步设计和站场建成投产后的日常管理工作中,建议采纳率达70%。讨论了HAZOP技术在输气管道站场的应用价值和注意事项。     

Changes in nutrient ratios and phytoplankton community structure caused by hydropower development in the Maotiao River,China

Reservoirs created for hydropower production have become an important feature impacting a river. Understanding the effects of river impoundment on the downstream environment is critical to decision-making for water resource protection. The changes caused by impoundment are changes in water quality and the resulting effect on the phytoplankton community structure. The impacts caused by a series of reservoirs along a river are still not well understood. In this study, we conducted an investigation of five reservoirs along the Maotiao River, China. We found that a series of impoundments plays a role in decreasing the phytoplankton biomass in downstream reservoirs. Within the studied area, nitrogen is not a limiting factor for phytoplankton growth. The ratio of silicon to phosphorus (Si:P) can become a major factor in the regulation of phytoplankton community structure. The Si:P ratio increased from upstream to downstream reservoirs, causing a concurrent increase in the percentage of Bacillariophyta, particularly during the winter. In addition, our results indicate that the creation of dams eliminates Si limitation downstream.     

Identification and assessment of environmental burdens of Chinese copper production from a life cycle perspective

The environmental burdens of Chinese copper production have been identified and quantified in the context of typical technologies, materials supplies and environmental emissions by a life cycle approach. Primary and secondary copper production using copper ores and scraps, respectively, were analyzed in detail. The flash and bath smelting approaches and the recycling of copper scraps were selected as representative copper production processes. A quantitative analysis was also conducted to assess the influence of material transport distance in copper production. Life cycle assessment （LCA） results showed that resources depletion and human health contribute significantly to environmental burdens in Chinese copper production. In addition, the secondary copper production has dramatically lower environmental burdens than the primary production. There is no obvious distinction in overall environmental burdens in primary copper production by flash or bath smelting approach. However, resources depletion is lower and the damage to human health is higher for flash smelting approach. Ecosystem quality damage is slight for both approaches. Environ- mental burdens from the mining stage contribute most in all life cycle stages in primary copper production. In secondary copper production, the electrolytic refining stage dominates. Based on the life cycle assessment results, some suggestions for improving environmental performance were proposed to meet the sustainable development of Chinese copper industry.     

湘中某工矿区土壤及作物砷污染特征及其健康风险评价

为研究湘中某工矿区土壤及作物砷污染特征及健康风险,采集稻田和菜园土壤及对应的糙米和蔬菜样品,测定其砷含量,评价土壤和作物砷污染特征与人类健康风险.研究结果表明,66个稻田土壤样品中,砷含量均值为91.91 mg·kg-1;18个菜园土壤样品中,均值为69.06 mg·kg-1.对应的66个糙米样品中,砷(以无机砷计)均值为0.45 mg·kg-1;61个叶菜类蔬菜样品中,砷含量均值为4.89 mg·kg-1,8个根茎类蔬菜样品中,砷含量均值为1.03 mg·kg-1.单因子污染评价结果表明,稻田土壤样品中砷轻、中、重度污染的比例分别为36.36%、15.15%、28.79%;菜园土壤为:45.45%、39.39%、15.15%;糙米为:38.89%、22.22%、33.33%.蔬菜为:8.70%、18.83%、66.67%.人类健康风险评价结果表明,糙米、叶菜类蔬菜和根茎类蔬菜的日均暴露剂量(ADD)分别为:8.57×10-4、5.43×10-4、0.28×10-4mg·kg-1·d-1,其中糙米和叶菜类蔬菜超过了美国环境保护局(USEPA)和世界卫生组织(WHO)制定的成人砷允许摄入量3×10-4mg·kg-1·d-1.糙米的危险度(HQ)为2.86,叶菜类蔬菜为1.81,根茎类蔬菜为0.09.该工矿区土壤、水稻和蔬菜均存在不同程度的砷污染,对人体健康存在较大的潜在风险.     

脉冲袋式除尘器在水泥厂的应用

具体阐述了各式不同种类的脉冲袋式除尘器在水泥厂内针对破碎机、球磨机、干法预分解窑和干法中空窑及原料储存、运输等方面的应用。