地表水环境质量监测中阴离子表面活性剂的质量控制

在地表水环境质量监测中对阴离子表面活性剂的质量控制应采取以下措施:降低空白值的吸光度,确定检测限,校准曲线的检验,实验室内精密度和准确度控制.     

全球气候治理主体共同体化现状、问题与深化路径

在全球治理和国际秩序加速变革等大变局背景下,全球气候治理体系和秩序正在经历深刻变化。全球气候问题需要全球气候治理的主体去认知与改造,主体在全球气候治理进程中有着关键性影响。当前全球气候治理主体的内涵和外延在持续变化,最值得关注的变化就是全球气候治理主体走向共同体化,并且正在形成一种规范。全球气候治理主体间在利益、责任与命运关系的演化,对更大范围的、更深程度的主体关系提出了新要求。本文基于近年来全球气候治理实践,分析了全球气候治理主体共同体及其关系的发展情况与趋势,同时分析人类命运共同体如何引导全球气候治理主体共同体及其关系,以更好聚焦国际社会应对气候变化的首要因素,开启全球应对气候变化新征程。     

Chemical formation and source apportionment of PM2.5 at an urban site at the southern foot of the Taihang mountains

The region along the Taihang Mountains in the North China Plain (NCP) is characterized by serious fine particle pollution. To clarify the formation mechanism and controlling factors, an observational study was conducted to investigate the physical and chemical properties of the fine particulate matter in Jiaozuo city, China. Mass concentrations of the water-soluble ions (WSIs) in PM_2.5 and gaseous pollutant precursors were measured on an hourly basis from December 1, 2017, to February 27, 2018. The positive matrix factorization (PMF) method and the FLEXible PARTicle (FLEXPART) model were employed to identify the sources of PM_2.5. The results showed that the average mass concentration of PM_2.5 was 111 μg/m³ during the observation period. Among the major WSIs, sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium (SNA) constituted 62% of the total PM_2.5 mass, and NO₃^? ranked the highest with an average contribution of 24.6%. NH₄⁺ was abundant in most cases in Jiaozuo. According to chemical balance analysis, SO₄^2?, NO₃^?, and Cl^? might be present in the form of (NH₄)₂SO₄, NH₄NO₃, NH₄Cl, and KCl. The liquid-phase oxidation of SO₂ and NO₂ was severe during the haze period. The relative humidity and pH were the key factors influencing SO₄^2- formation. We found that NO₃^? mainly stemmed from homogeneous gas-phase reactions in the daytime and originated from the hydrolysis of N₂O₅ in the nighttime, which was inconsistent with previous studies. The PMF model identified five sources of PM_2.5: secondary origin (37.8%), vehicular emissions (34.7%), biomass burning (11.5%), coal combustion (9.4%), and crustal dust (6.6%).     

Numerical simulation of benzene transport in shoreline groundwater affected by tides under different conditions

● An approach for assessing the transport of benzene on the beach was proposed. ● The behavior of benzene in the subsurface of the beach was impacted by tide. ● Tidal amplitude influenced the travel speed and the benzene biodegradation. ● Hydraulic conductivity had the impact on plume residence time and biodegradation. ● Plume dispersed and concentration decreased due to high longitudinal dispersivity. The release and transport of benzene in coastal aquifers were investigated in the present study. Numerical simulations were implemented using the SEAM3D, coupled with GMS, to study the behavior of benzene in the subsurface of tidally influenced beaches. The transport and fate of the benzene plume were simulated, considering advection, dispersion, sorption, biodegradation, and dissolution on the beach. Different tide amplitudes, aquifer characteristics, and pollutant release locations were studied. It was found that the tide amplitude, hydraulic conductivity, and longitudinal dispersivity were the primary factors affecting the fate and transport of benzene. The tidal amplitude influenced the transport speed and percentage of biodegradation of benzene plume in the beach. A high tidal range reduced the spreading area and enhanced the rate of benzene biodegradation. Hydraulic conductivity had an impact on plume residence time and the percentage of contaminant biodegradation. Lower hydraulic conductivity induced longer residence time in each beach portion and a higher percentage of biodegradation on the beach. The plume dispersed and the concentration decreased due to high longitudinal dispersivity. The results can be used to support future risk assessment and management for the shorelines impacted by spill and leaking accidents. Modeling the heterogeneous beach aquifer subjected to tides can also be further explored in the future study.     

纵向风速对隧道中细水雾灭火效果 的影响研究

隧道作为交通的咽喉要道,一旦发生火灾,给人员逃生带来很大的困难。利用隧道火灾模拟平台,分别对车顶和车底两个位置进行了细水雾灭火的模拟实验,研究不同风速对隧道火灾的温度、气体组分浓度和热辐射等参量的影响,据此研究细水雾灭火系统在隧道火灾中抑制、扑灭火灾,降低火场温度、净化火源附近空气以及隔绝热辐射的能力。结果表明:当风速增大时,火场烟气平均温度逐渐减小,CO浓度的峰值显著降低,热辐射强度也有效降低。在实验条件下,隧道纵向通风作用有利于保障火场安全。     

Mn2NiO4 spinel catalyst for high-efficiency selective catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides with good resistance to H2O and SO2 at low temperature

Mn-Ni oxides with different compositions were prepared using standard co-precipitation(CP) and urea hydrolysis-precipitation(UH) methods and optimized for the selective catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides(NO_x) by NH_3 at low temperature.Mn((2))Ni_((1))O_x-CP and Mn_((2))Ni_((1))O_x-UH(with Mn:Ni molar ratio of 2:1) catalysts showed almost identical selective catalytic reduction(SCR) catalytic activity,with about 96% NO_x conversion at 750 C and-99%in the temperature range from 100 to 250℃.X-ray diffraction(XRD) results showed that Mn_((2))Ni_((1))O_x-CP and Mn_((2))Ni_((1))O_x-UH catalysts crystallized in the form of Mn_2NiO_4 and MnO_2-Mn_2NiO_4 spinel,respectively.The latter gave relatively good selectivity to N_2,which might be due to the presence of the MnO_2 phase and high metal-O binding energy,resulting in low dehydrogenation ability.According to the results of various characterization methods,it was found that a high density of surface chemisorbed oxygen species and efficient electron transfer between Mn and Ni in the crystal structure of Mn_2NiO_4 spinel played important roles in the high-efficiency SCR activity of these catalysts.Mn_((2))Ni_((1))O_x catalysts presented good resistance to H_2O or/and SO_2 with stable activity,which benefited from the Mn_2NiO_4 spinel structure and Eley-Rideal mechanism,with only slight effects from SO_2.     

有机碳源葡萄糖对钝顶螺旋藻生长和硝态氮去除效果的影响研究

利用Zarrouk培养基,通过改变葡萄糖的初始加入量,研究钝顶螺旋藻的生长情况及其对硝态氮的去除效果,探讨其在废水处理中的可行性.结果表明,添加葡萄糖碳源能够促进钝顶螺旋藻的生长,影响其叶绿素和粗蛋白含量,当葡萄糖投加量≥1 g/L时,生长对数期提前,藻液OD560在培养4天时达到稳定,叶绿素和粗蛋白含量培养7天后急剧下降.研究结果还表明,添加葡萄糖碳源有助于提高水中硝态氮的去除率,当硝态钠、葡萄糖投加量均为2.5 g/L,培养5天时,氮素去除率最高,达99.96％,但硝态氮浓度过高时会产生单盐毒害作用.     

人工增雨指挥系统构建与研究

为增加有效降水,降低干旱和雾霾等环境污染的影响,保护生态环境安全,研制了以提高开发空中水资源能力为主要目的、基于GIS技术的人工增雨作业决策指挥系统,依托新一代多普勒天气雷达、Micaps数据资料和自动站数据库,应用Microsoft C#语言开发了增雨作业预警和指挥功能、指挥信息和作业信息收集互传功能、增雨效果评估功能、常规业务管理功能,构建了功能较为完善的业务系统。     

鄱阳湖湿地沉积物反硝化空间差异及其影响因素研究

鄱阳湖显著的水位变化导致该区域湿地类型的复杂多样,包括不同的沉积物性质及水动力条件等,这些因素势必会对反硝化速率及其途径产生影响.本研究通过对3种不同类型湿地沉积物柱样采集、流动培养及同位素添加模拟,对湿地沉积物反硝化速率的空间差异、反硝化过程及氮源等反硝化底物和沉积物呼吸等反硝化影响因素进行研究,以期进一步了解水动力变化下鄱阳湖多类型湿地沉积物的反硝化空间差异及其影响规律.结果表明,反硝化速率在水力联系较强的湖沼沉积物中最高,达到(43.98±2.33)μmol·m-2·h-1;在洲滩沉积物中次之,为(35.36±6.12)μmol·m-2·h-1;而与大湖区连通性较弱的内湾湖沼沉积物中最低,为(13.45±3.21)μmol·m-2·h-1.不论是洲滩沉积物还是不同水力联系下的湖沼沉积物,总反硝化速率与上覆水硝酸盐之间均存在显著正相关(p0.01),表明上覆水硝酸盐是反硝化的限制性因子.相关分析显示,不同湖区沉积物的呼吸速率及微生物有机碳(Microbial biomass carbon,MBC)含量对鄱阳湖湿地沉积物反硝化也具有一定的影响(p均为0.05).在两种反硝化途径中,洲滩和不同水力联系下湖沼沉积物中以水体硝酸盐为底物的非耦合反硝化均强于耦合反硝化,说明非耦合反硝化是反硝化的主要方式.耦合反硝化与非耦合反硝化在内湾区湖沼沉积物中均较弱;与大湖区连通的湖沼沉积物的非耦合反硝化强于洲滩沉积物,说明反硝化途径与水力联系及沉积物有机质水平具有一定的联系.