Effects of an iron-silicon material,a synthetic zeolite and an alkaline clay on vegetable uptake of As and Cd from a polluted agricultural soil and proposed remediation mechanisms

Economic and highly effective methods of in situ remediation of Cd and As polluted farmland in mining areas are urgently needed. Pot experiments with Brassica chinensis L. were carried out to determine the effects of three soil amendments [a novel iron-silicon material (ISM), a synthetic zeolite (SZ) and an alkaline clay (AC)] on vegetable uptake of As and Cd. SEM–EDS and XRD analyses were used to investigate the remediation mechanisms involved. Amendment with ISM significantly reduced the concentrations of As and Cd in edible parts of B. chinensis (by 84–94 % and 38–87 %, respectively), to levels that met food safety regulations and was much lower than those achieved by SZ and AC. ISM also significantly increased fresh biomass by 169–1412 % and 436–731 % in two consecutive growing seasons, while SZ and AC did not significantly affect vegetable growth. Correlation analysis suggested that it was the mitigating effects of ISM on soil acidity and on As and Cd toxicity, rather than nutrient amelioration, that contributed to the improvement in plant growth. SEM–EDS analysis showed that ISM contained far more Ca, Fe and Mn than did SZ or AC, and XRD analysis showed that in the ISM these elements were primarily in the form of silicates, oxides and phosphates that had high capacities for chemisorption of metal(loid)s. After incubation with solutions containing 800 mg L^?1 AsO₄ ^2? or Cd²⁺, ISM bound distinctly higher levels of As (6.18 % in relative mass percent by EDS analysis) and Cd (7.21 % in relative mass percent by EDS analysis) compared to SZ and AC. XRD analysis also showed that ISM facilitated the precipitation of Cd²⁺ as silicates, phosphates and hydroxides, and that arsenate combined with Fe, Al, Ca and Mg to form insoluble arsenate compounds. These precipitation mechanisms were much more active in ISM than in SZ or AC. Due to the greater pH elevation caused by the abundant calcium silicate, chemisorption and precipitation mechanisms in ISM treatments could be further enhanced. That heavy metal(loid)s fixation mechanisms of ISM ensure the remediation more irreversible and more resilient to environmental changes. With appropriate application rate and proper nutrients supplement, the readily available and economic ISM is a very promising amendment for safe crop production on multi-metal(loids) polluted soils.     

Assessment of leaching behavior and human bioaccessibility of rare earth elements in typical hospital waste incineration ash in China

Leaching behavior and gastrointestinal bioaccessibility of rare earth elements (REEs) from hospital waste incineration (HWI) fly and bottom ash samples collected from Beijing and Nanjing Cities were assessed. In the same ash sample, the leaching concentrations of individual REEs determined by the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) were higher than those detected by the European standard protocol (EN-type test), thereby suggesting that the low pH value of leaching solution was an important factor influencing the leachability of REE. The REE bioaccessibility results, which were evaluated using the physiologically based extraction test (PBET), indicated that REEs were highly absorbed during gastric phase by dissolution; and subsequently precipitated and/or re-adsorbed in small intestinal phase. The relative amounts of the total REEs extracted by the TCLP method, EN-type test and PBET test were compared. In addition to the pH value of extraction solutions, the chelating role of REEs with organic ligands used in the PBET method was also an important parameter affecting REE adsorption in human body. Additionally, this study showed that REEs were extracted by these methods as concomitants of heavy metals and anions (NO₃ ^–, F^–, SO₄ ^2–, and Cl^–) from HWI ash, which probably caused the remarkably complex toxicity on human body by the exposure pathway.

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一种新的拓扑指数及其在有机化合物结构/性质相关性研究中的应用

以距离矩阵为基础，提出一种表征化合物分子结构的拓扑指数，并将其用于预报饱和链烃类、醇类和含氮芳香类化合物的性质和活性，获得了满意的结果。     

钢渣湿法脱硫试验研究

以某厂钢渣为吸收剂,以旋流板塔为吸收器,对湿法脱硫进行了试验研究。通过分析钢渣脱硫前后的化学成分变化,以及试验脱硫率随反应过程的变化,提出了钢渣湿法脱硫的反应机理。同时,试验研究了液气比、进气SO_2浓度、浆液浓度等主要参数对脱硫率的影响,以及加添加剂的效果。试验结果表明,通过合理的设计和适当的操作,可使钢渣湿法应用于中低脱硫率(50％～70％)的场合,以取得综合治理、以废治废的效果。     

预处理方法对供应态LD钢超塑性压缩性能的影响

研究了国产新型冷作模具钢LD钢(7Cr7Mo3V2Si)经球化退火与循环退火后的超塑性压缩的力学特性.试验结果表明,经循环退火后的LD钢,其超塑性压缩性能优于球化退火,而且其最佳超塑性压缩的工艺参数也存在差异.     

处理含油废水絮凝剂最佳配方的筛选

针对含油废水，选择合适种类的絮凝剂，通过评价絮凝剂的除油效果，筛选出适合处理石油化工行业含油废水的絮凝剂最佳配方．其主要特点是投加量少、除油效果好、价格适宜。     

环境空气质量新标准对郑州和开封空气质量评价的影响

利用河南省环境空气质量新标准实施一期城市(郑州、开封)2013年的环境空气自动监测数据,分析了实施《环境空气质量标准》(GB 3095—2012)对这2个城市空气质量评价的影响。研究发现,若采用新标准,郑州、开封污染物年均浓度超标情况加重;城市空气质量达标率从51%、71%下降到35%和31%,下降了16和40个百分点;PM2.5的纳入是空气质量达标率下降的最主要原因,大于NO2标准的收严和CO、O3纳入评价指标的影响,其超标率分别为58%(郑州)和63%(开封);且PM2.5取代PM10成为郑州、开封的首要污染物,其作为首要污染物的比例均大于70%。     

电化学法处理苯酚模拟废水的研究

电化学法处理废水中有机污染物,具有效率高、操作简便、与环境兼容等优点,是一种很有潜力的高级氧化技术。实验是以废旧一号干电池中的碳棒作电极,用烧杯作电解池,在室温下,通过改变支持电解质（Na2SO4）浓度、负载电压、pH值和苯酚初始浓度等影响因素,对苯酚模拟废水进行电化学处理,利用高效液相色谱仪对其处理效果进行了分析研究,结果表明：支持电解质（Na2SO4）浓度为20.0g/L、负载电压为5.5V、pH值为8.0是处理苯酚模拟废水的最佳条件。最后对苯酚的降解机理进行了初步探讨。     

化工项目环境影响评价报告编写要点

化工项目因存在环境风险大,评价要求高等特点,成为各类建设项目环境影响评价中难度较大的一类。与一般建设项目相比,化工项目环境影响评价报告中的工程分析、污染治理措施、风险评价三个专题尤显重要。通过逐步分析工艺流程、细致计算物料平衡实现有序而深入的工程分析;通过合理分类、技术经济论证来确定合理有效的污染治理措施;通过分析项目特征风险因素制定高效的风险防范措施和应急预案,可高效、准确地做好化工项目的环境影响评价工作。     

油气储运设施事故的人为因素分析与预防

结合心理学知识从人为因素的角度分析和归纳了油气储运设施事故的原因,提出了应对人为因素负面影响的措施和对策。