不同阴极对微生物燃料电池产电性能的影响比较

阴极催化性能及材料对微生物燃料电池(microbial fuel cells,MFCs)的产电特性及制造成本有很大影响。本研究选用金属铂(Pt)、活性炭作为催化剂、聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)和道康宁1-2577作为阴极的扩散层、碳布和不锈钢网作为阴极的基体材料制备得4种阴极,分别考察了相应MFC的产电性能和阴极特性。结果表明,采用传统Pt催化剂+PTFE扩散层+碳布制备成的阴极(Pt-PTC),MFC的最大输出电压为560 mV,最大功率密度为808 mW/m2,而采用活性炭+道康宁1-2577+不锈钢网制备成的阴极(AC-DCS),MFC的最大输出电压为510 mV,最大功率密度为726 mW/m2,两者的MFC产电性能极为接近。SEM结果表明,活性炭催化层表面和道康宁1-2577扩散层分别比Pt催化层及PTFE扩散层的更均匀光滑。阴极线性伏安测定结果表明,AC-DCS与Pt-PTC的电化学氧化性能较为接近。AC-DCS阴极成本仅为Pt-PTC的1/300左右,是一种低成本扩大化生产MFC阴极的新方法。     

矿渣制备的无机复合絮凝剂在城市污水深度除磷中的应用

以制铝矿渣及铝土矿制备的无机复合絮凝剂进行污水深度除磷研究。在模拟废水条件下,确定了自制絮凝剂除磷的最佳pH为8、最佳投加量0.08 g/L及最佳水力条件(快速搅拌30 s、转速200 r/min;慢速搅拌15 min、转速20 r/min);然后将其用于处理生活污水站二级出水,TP、TN、COD、NH3-N和浊度去除率分别为94.69%、62.78%、78.93%、47.94%和89.30%,优于《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918-2002)一级B标准,自制絮凝剂除磷效果优于常用市售絮凝剂PAC(TP去除率91.73%);自制絮凝剂的除磷机理主要以沉淀和电性中和作用为主,以吸附架桥和网捕卷扫作用为辅。     

Recovery approach affects soil quality in the water level fluctuation zone of the Three Gorges Reservoir,China: implications for revegetation

Plants in the water level fluctuation zone of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region disappeared due to winter-flooding and prolonged inundation. Revegetation (plantation and natural recovery) have been promoted to restore and protect the riparian ecosystem in recent years. Revegetation may affect soil qualities and have broad important implications both for ecological services and soil recovery. In this study, we investigated soil properties including soil pH values, bulk density, soil organic matter (SOM), soil nutrients and heavy metals, soil microbial community structure, microbial biomass, and soil quality index under plantation and natural recovery in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region. Most soil properties showed significant temporal and spatial variations in both the plantation and natural recovery areas. Higher contents of SOM and NO₃-N were found in plantation area, while higher contents of soil pH values, bulk density, and total potassium were observed in the natural recovery area. However, there were no significant differences in plant richness and diversity and soil microbial community structure between the two restoration approaches. A soil quality index derived from SOM, bulk density, Zn, Cd, and Hg indicated that natural recovery areas with larger herbaceous coverage had more effective capacity for soil restoration.     

钴钛层柱粘土催化剂催脱除零价汞简

采用钴-钛层柱粘土催化剂,向烟气中添加HCl气体进行零价汞的催化脱除实验研究。考察了反应温度及催化剂的焙烧温度、Ti/粘土、活性组分（Co）负载量等制备条件对零价汞催化脱除效果的影响。研究表明,在HCl含量20×10^-6的模拟烟气中,焙烧温度为400℃、Ti/粘土为15 mmol/g、Co含量为5 wt%（以CoO计）的钴钛层柱粘土催化剂（Co-Ti-PILCs）在空速为1.0×10⁴ h^-1、温度为300℃时零价汞脱除效率为86.7%。     

复合纳米材料对土壤重金属离子吸持固化的模拟研究

土壤中过量重金属离子可通过食物链和地表水系统危害人群健康。通过土柱淋溶模拟实验,研究了SiO2-Al2O3-Fe2O3等复合纳米材料对土壤溶液中Cu2+、Cd2+、Pb2+、Zn2+和Ni2+的吸持与固化特征。分别向重金属含量4倍于土壤二级标准(GB15618-1995)的土壤中添加0%、4%、6%和10%的复合纳米材料,分析不同深度土壤渗滤液以及土柱上栽培植物不同部位中重金属的含量。结果表明,碱性壤质土壤中重金属向下的迁移量很少;在含4%复合纳米材料土柱中,其吸持固化土壤溶液中63%的Cu、79%的Cd、68%的Pb、89%的Zn和76%的Ni;在含6%复合纳米材料土柱中,其吸持固化土壤溶液中82%的Cu、92%的Cd、76%的Pb、91%的Zn和88%的Ni;再增加土柱中复合纳米材料的含量,其吸持固化效果并不再显著增加。     

膜吸收法净化低浓度甲醛和氨气

基于膜吸收技术自制双层平板式膜吸收器,搭建净化低浓度甲醛和氨气污染模拟系统,考察不同膜结构参数、进气流量、吸收剂流量等因素对其净化效果的影响。结果表明,聚偏氟乙烯PVDF对低浓度甲醛和氨气的净化效率高于聚四氟乙烯PTFE。对同一材质膜,随着膜孔隙率的增大,甲醛和氨气的净化率呈上升趋势。随着进气流量的增加。甲醛和氨气的净化效率降低;而吸收剂流量对其净化效率影响不大。对于所有实验条件,平均膜孔径为0．22μm的PVDF4#在进气流量ug=120L／h时,甲醛和氨气的净化效率最高,分别达94．7％和96．3％。     

固定化微生物法处理对氯苯酚废水的研究

采用聚乙烯醇(PVA)-硼酸法制作固定化活性污泥小球,用正交试验确定降解对氯苯酚的固定化活性污泥的最优化条件.从温度、浓度和pH 3方面比较了固定化活性污泥和游离活性污泥对对氯苯酚降解效果的影响.研究表明:固定化活性污泥降解对氯苯酚的最适宜温度为25～35℃,最适pH为6～8;固定化活性污泥对对氯苯酚的降解速度大于游离活性污泥.     

气提式内循环膜生物反应器试验研究

针对膜生物反应器存在的膜污染和能耗高的问题,结合气提式内循环和一体式膜生物反应器处理废水的工艺特点,提出圆柱形套筒气提式内循环膜生物反应器。试验结果表明,同等曝气强度和曝气方式下,气提式内循环膜生物反应器中氧传质系数（KLa）高于一般膜生物反应器;膜间水流流速是一般膜生物反应器的1.53～2.44倍,提高了膜面的水力冲刷作用,可减缓膜污染;对反应器膜过滤性能的考察,表明气提式内循环膜生物反应器较一般膜生物反应器有更好的膜过滤性能和抗污染能力。反应器中添加内循环,污泥活性有所下降,但对实际废水的去除效果影响不大,污泥活性较为稳定。     

微波辐照废木屑活性炭制备工艺优化及其应用

以微波为热源,Na2CO3为活化剂,采用化学活化法制备废木屑活性炭（AC）。采用Taguchi法考察了微波辐照功率、辐照时间、活化剂浓度、固液比对活性炭碘吸附值的影响。结果表明,微波辐照功率对活性炭碘吸附值的影响最显著,辐照时间次之,而固液比的影响不显著。优化的工艺参数为微波辐照功率440W、辐照时间9min、Na2CO3浓度15％、固液比1：2．5,该条件下AC的碘吸附值为1230．40mg／g,实验结果验证了Taguchi法的有效性。该条件下制得的AC用于处理印染废水,结果显示,对COD为239．5mg／L废水投加3g／L活性炭,在pH为11时吸附70min,COD的去除率达77．9％。     

Evaluating the air quality impacts of the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games: On-road emission factors and black carbon profiles

The aggressive traffic interventions and emission control measures implemented to improve air quality during the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games created a valuable case study to evaluate the effectiveness of these measures on mitigating air pollution and protecting public health. In this paper, we report the results from our field campaign in summer 2008 on the on-road emission factors of carbon monoxide, black carbon (BC) and ultrafine particles (UFP) as well as the ambient BC concentrations. The fleet average emission factors for light-duty gasoline vehicles (LDGV) showed considerable reduction in the Olympic year (2008) compared to the pre-Olympic year (2007). Our measurement of Black Carbon (BC), a primary pollutant, at different elevations at the ambient site suggests consistent decrease in BC concentrations as the height increased near the ground level, which indicates that the nearby ground level sources, probably dominated by traffic, contributed to a large portion of BC concentrations in the lower atmospheric layer in Beijing during summertime. These observations indicate that people living in near ground levels experience higher exposures than those living in higher floors in Beijing. The BC diurnal patterns on days when traffic control were in place during the Olympic Games were compared to those on non-traffic-control days in both 2007 and in 2008. These patterns strongly suggest that diesel trucks are a major source of summertime BC in Beijing. The median BC concentration on Olympic days was 3.7 μg m⁻³, which was dramatically lower than the value on non-traffic-control days, indicating the effectiveness of traffic control regulations in BC reduction in Beijing.