硫酸盐还原菌对碱性和酸性农田土壤中重金属的钝化效果及其作用机制

通过土壤培养实验考察了硫酸盐还原菌（SRB）包括希瓦氏菌、梭状芽胞杆菌和两者混合菌对碱性和酸性农田土中有效态重金属（Cd、Pb、Cu和Zn）的钝化效果及其作用机制.结果表明,在相同接菌量下,希瓦氏菌处理组对碱性土中有效态重金属的钝化效果优于梭状芽胞杆菌和两者混合菌的处理组;而不同种类的SRB对酸性土中有效态重金属的钝化效果无显著差异.培养第20 d后土壤中有效态重金属的钝化率不再显著变化.SRB处理对碱性土中有效态重金属的钝化率可达80%以上,而对酸性土中有效态重金属的钝化率低于40%.在碱性土中,SRB能够有效还原SO₄^2-,并且提高土壤pH值,使S^2-可与重金属紧密结合,显著提高有效态重金属钝化率.尽管SRB使酸性土壤pH值升高,但土壤仍然呈酸性使SO₄^2-还原受到抑制,不利于有效态重金属的钝化.总体来看,SRB适用于碱性和酸性土壤的重金属污染治理,但与酸性土壤相比,SRB对碱性土壤中有效态重金属的钝化效果更好.     

基于经验权重方法的舟曲县泥石流易发性评估

舟曲县泥石流灾害频发,2010年8月发生的特大山洪泥石流,造成大量生命财产损失。文章采用遥感影像结合地面调查获取舟曲县植被覆盖、岩性、构造等信息;基于数字高程模型与水文分析获取水系、沟谷纵比降、沟谷弯曲度、流域、坡度信息;基于国土资源部在全国开展县市灾害调查中提供的泥石流易发性量化经验权重,对全县178条较大沟谷进行泥石流易发性评价。得到的结果与野外考察和前人认识具有较高的一致性。该方法不需要大量的野外工作,具有评估迅速简单的特点,对县级以上区域尺度的泥石流易发性快速评估具有较高推广价值。     

Identification of odorous compounds in reclaimed water using FPA combined with sensory GC-MS

Odorous compounds in the influent of a reclaimed water treatment plant (RWTP), consisting of coagulation, sedimentation, continuous micro-filtration (CMF), and chlorination in succession, in a north China city, were identified by combining flavor profile analysis (FPA) with sensory gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The sewery/swampy/septic odor with an odor intensity of 6.4 was found to be the major odor group in the RWTP influent, and the existence of well-known odorant including dimethyl disulfide, dimethyl trisulfide, indole and skatole were confirmed using GC-MS. The result of a spiking test showed that the intensity (3.6) of the sewery/swampy/septic odor caused by these four chemicals contributed to over 50% of the odor intensity of the influent. The FPA intensity for sewery/swampy/septic odor in the RWTP effluent was 3.8, showing that the treatment process was not efficient for the removal of odorants, particularly indole and skatole.     

土地利用总体规划环境影响评价技术方法的研究

从国内外土地利用总体规划环境影响评价的技术方法研究出发,总结了各技术方法的优势和缺点。最后提出了完善土地利用总体规划环境影响技术方法的建议。     

我国林地土壤有效态镉的影响因素及拟合模型

选取全国13个具有代表性的不同气候带和植被类型的森林土壤,通过外源添加重金属镉(Cd),比较分析土壤Cd的固-液分配系数(Kd)和有效态Cd的分布特征,探讨了土壤/土壤溶液性质对Kd及土壤有效态Cd的影响,并建立了土壤Kd及有效态Cd的拟合模型.结果表明,在不同浓度Cd处理的土壤中,其Kd值的变化范围为0.91～623...     

城市空气质量达标规划的逻辑框架

针对环境空气质量达标规划目前没有明确规划编制的基本要求和主要内容之间的关联原则、未将长期规划方案落实到日常管理方案、过于重视长期空气质量目标与减排情景方案而对污染物减排方案重视不足、未将规划的成本效益分析作为主要方案设计依据等逻辑不清的问题,从人群健康的角度出发,构建达标规划的逻辑框架:提出空气质量目标和人群健康目标相...     

高氟地区电解铝厂场地氟污染特征及其风险评估

针对位于我国典型高氟地区的氟污染场地开展环境调查,分析氟化物污染水平分布特征,并探析场地重污染区不同深度土层氟化物的地下迁移特征,评估该场地基于不同用地功能的氟化物环境风险效应。结果表明:场地表层土壤中氟化物浓度为3 340~38 400 mg/kg,与当地土壤氟化物背景值相比超标率为96%,土壤浸出液中氟化物浓度为0.06~25.40 mg/L;土壤中氟化物赋存形态以残渣态为主(占比93.88%),水溶态占比为0.85%;污染场地土壤类型影响氟化物地下迁移行为,黏土层对氟化物有很强的吸附和滞留能力。该污染场地若用作第一类用地(以住宅用地为代表),场地风险超过可接受风险水平;若用作第二类用地(以工业用地为代表),场地风险未超过可接受风险水平。     

Microcystis aeruginosa/Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes interaction effects on off-flavors in algae/bacteria co-culture system under different temperatures

We conducted an experiment to study the interaction effects of Microcystis aeruginosa and Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes on off-flavors in an algae/bacteria co-culture system at three temperatures (24, 28 and 32°C). Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry was applied to measure off-flavor compounds dimethyl sulfide (DMS), dimethyl trisulfide (DMTS), 2-methylisoborneol, geosmin (GEO) and β-cyclocitral. During the lag phase of co-cultured M. aeruginosa (first 15 days), P. pseudoalcaligenes significantly increased the production of DMS, DMTS and β-cyclocitral at all three temperatures. In the exponential phase of co-cultured M. aeruginosa (after 15 days), M. aeruginosa became the main factor on off-flavors in the co-culture system, and β-cyclocitral turned to the highest off-flavor compound. These results also indicated that DMS, DMTS and β-cyclocitral were the main off-flavor compounds in our M. aeruginosa/P. pseudoalcaligenes co-culture system. Univariate analysis was applied to investigate the effects of M. aeruginosa and P. pseudoalcaligenes on the production of off-flavors. The results demonstrated that both M. aeruginosa and P. pseudoalcaligenes could increase the production of DMS and DMTS, while β-cyclocitral was mainly determined by M. aeruginosa. Our results also provide some insights into understanding the relationship between cyanobacteria and heterotrophic bacteria.     

曝气生物净化塘处理农村生活污水效果——以豫南地区商城县为例

为了提高农村生活污水治理效果的稳定性,同时考虑农村水生态景观建设需求,将具有强大调节能力的稳定塘技术、适合低浓度有机污水处理的接触氧化法和浅水湖泊草型清水稳态理论相结合,提出曝气生物净化塘工艺,应用于豫南地区商城县11个乡镇街区的农村生活污水处理,并选择其中4个典型案例运行1年的效果进行总结。结果表明:受乡镇街区的合流制排水系统、豫南地区多雨的气候特点及住户利用化粪池污水浇灌菜园习惯的影响,商城县各乡镇街区生活污水污染物浓度低且存在较大的波动性;曝气生物净化塘水力停留时间长,污水可在塘中完全混合,并形成适宜低污染物浓度净化的菌-草共生清水稳态系统,使净化后出水化学需氧量(COD_Cr)、氨氮(NH₃-N)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)指标均达到DB41/1820—2019《农村生活污水处理设施水污染物排放标准》一级标准,且出水COD_Cr、NH₃-N指标达到GB 3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》Ⅳ类及以上水质标准。曝气生物净化塘适合低污染水平的农村生活污水的治理,且能形成清水型农村水生态景观。